The two main purposes of this research are to investigate the relationship between meaning in life and psychological health and evaluate the effectiveness of a program designed to enhance a sense of meaning in life. It has been consistently argued tha...
The two main purposes of this research are to investigate the relationship between meaning in life and psychological health and evaluate the effectiveness of a program designed to enhance a sense of meaning in life. It has been consistently argued that having a sense of meaning in life has a positive influence on an individual’s psychological health. However, conceptual ambiguity have made it difficult to conduct empirical research on the subject of meaning in life. This study specifically aims to (1) identify the sources and the structure of meaning in life using a new scale, (2) explore the relationships between various dimensions of meaning in life and psychological health, (3) examine the role of hope in improving one’s sense of meaning in life, and (4) develop and evaluate a meaningfulness enhancement program.
Four studies were conducted in this research. In study 1, the author developed Multidimensional Meaning in Life Scale (MMLS) to measure meaning in life that each individual experiences and conducted a factor analysis to identify the sources and the structure of meaning in life. In study 1-1, as the results of validation of the MMLS by using a sample of 409 college students, 48 questions were selected and 8 factors of the source of meaning in life were identified. In study 1-2, 60 questions were selected and 10 factors were identified from the validation of the MMLS using a sample of 407 adult participants. In addition, a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a hierarchical structure comprised three superordinate factors, which are named self related, interpersonal relationship, and self transcendence factors. In study 1-3 the author also examined differences in the experience of meaning in life among various age groups and found that positive relationships with one’s family is associated with an individual’s sense of meaning in life across all age groups. Some of the sources for meaning in life were unique to certain age groups.
In study 2, the author explored relationships between meaning in life and psychological health. As the results of empirical analysis using a sample of 308 college students and 267 adults, study 2-1 found that some of the dimensions of meaning in life were associated with subjective well-being and depression, and that the relationship between self transcendence factor and psychological health was particularly significant for the middle-age group. Results also showed that behavioral variables of meaning in life rather than the cognitive ones were more associated with psychological health. In study 2-2, the author found that the level and the balance of meaning in life were independently associated with subjective well-being, while the level of meaning in life moderated the effects of the balance of meaning in life on depression.
In study 3, the author attempted to test the relationship among meaning in life, hope, and psychological health in order to provide empirical evidence for the development of a therapeutic program based on meaning in life. The proposed research model was tested by using the samples of 210 college students (Study 3-1) and 181 adult participants (Study 3-2). The results supported dual mediation model that the effect of importance of meaning in life on psychological health is mediated by hope and consistency of meaning in life. Theses results of study 3 suggested that instilling hope is an effective element in the process of a program enhancing meaning in life for psychological health.
The purpose of study 4 was to develop a therapeutic program to enhance a sense of meaning in life and evaluate its effectiveness for people with depression. 11 depressed individuals participated in an eight two-hour session treatment program and their depression scores were compared with those in control group. Results found that the treatment increased participants' sense of meaning in life and hope, both of which were hypothesized as main therapeutic mechanisms. Also, therapeutic effects were found in depression, and these changes were maintained at the one-month follow-up. It is concluded that this program could be effective in reducing symptoms of depression.
Lastly, it was discussed how this study contributed to understanding of the integrative relationship between meaning in life and psychological health, and what therapeutic implications meaning in life might have. In addition, limitations of this study and implications for future research were discussed.