‘문화플랫폼’으로서 도쿄 오사카 코리아타운 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As neo-liberalist capitalism has accelerated globalization, the rapid development of information technologies has made it possible for laborers to migrate to other nations. The growing mobility of financial capital along with the distribution of commodities with exchange-value has led to elastic demands in the world’s labor market. International labor migration has therefore emerged as a major global issue. Notwithstanding these continuous phenomena, neither the nationalities of migrant workers nor the nation-state systems have remained unaffected. Recent years have also witnessed increasing exchanges of material resources and personnel among countries. Consequently, laborers have formed their own transnational ‘communities,’ creating diverse social relations by connecting their homelands to their settlements.
The Korean diaspora began as early as the mid-1860s when there was interference in the politics of the Korean Peninsula by powerful nations such as China and Japan. The history of Koreans living in Japan also began at approximately the same time as the start of the Japanese colonial period. Since ancestors of the Korean-Japanese settled in the neighboring country, they have taken up transnational spaces widely dispersed throughout the country as Korean ethnic communities, known as “Koreatowns.” The Koreatowns in Japan were stigmatized as slum areas until as recently as 20 years ago. These places, once considered disgraceful, have begun to be cleared of dishonor and to attain an improved image since the Korean capital city, Seoul hosted the Olympic Games in 1988 and Korea co-hosted the World Cup with Japan in 2002. Most importantly, however, the Korean wave, i.e. ‘Hallyu,’ around 2004 completely reversed attitudes in Japanese society regarding Koreatowns.
The Korean wave has removed much of the stigma placed by the Japanese on Koreatowns for over half a century, and it has transformed the areas into the most economically vitalized districts that attract many tourists. This unprecedented success of “Koreatowns” shows that economic dynamism can gain momentum as culture continuously supplies adequate nourishment. That is, business will flourish while the roles and functions of culture are vitalized. Considering that Koreatowns are populated by non-Japanese, and that Japan is the number-one country among the world’s largest markets for the Korean wave, Koreatowns have become the center for spontaneously sharing Korean culture with local people. At this point in time, the invigoration of Koreatowns has significant implications.
These Korean ethnic enclaves are still in the immature stages of development as commercial marketplaces and economic communities where people work together. In this context, it is necessary that these transnational communities be reformed into pluralistic spaces where the vigorous cultures of Korea and Japan can fall into sync with each other. That is, Koreatowns should aim to be open spaces that embrace the host country’s people, which allow locals and Koreans to share each other’s culture, and that enable visitors to experience various aspects of Korean culture ranging from food, to the arts, and to daily life. In doing so, the areas will be transformed into new spaces where people can find a rich and long-lasting diversity of cultures. This thesis, therefore, focuses on the types of cultural traits Koreatowns should aspire to, and how Koreatowns as diaspora spaces should develop their roles under the concept of ‘culture platforms.’
A culture platform is a space open to everyone, where people take the first step towards the unknown and return to the starting point. It is a stage on which stories, experiences and cultures as diverse as the number of people coming and going are created and intermingle. A diaspora is a transnational community that embodies cultural diversity and includes the possibility for the creation of a new, third culture based on cultural hybridization. It can possibly develop into a creative space with new dynamism. Because a diaspora space creates new culture through such cultural diversity, its characteristics and properties mesh well with the characteristics of a culture platform.
This paper suggests the methods for activating culture platform components, including cultural facilities (hardware), operating system (software), and programs and contents (contentsware) based on the status survey results and spatial characteristics of Koreatowns. This study of Koreatowns as culture platforms has the following significance. First, Koreatowns provide cultural functions and roles to continue sustainable economic vitality of a diaspora space. Sustainable economic vitality increases the independence of minority groups and simultaneously grants equivalent rights for them to live as members of the local community in the host nation. Second, as the multicultural co-existence policy of Japan emphasizes only ‘co-existence that forces assimilation into the settling nation’ and underestimates ‘acceptance of immigrant cultures,’ a culture platform can perform the role of a touchstone towards creating a true multicultural society through the removal of exclusionary attitudes towards other cultures, as well as through the expansion of acceptance and tolerance of other cultures. This is not limited to Japan but can also be applied to diaspora spaces in Korea such as the Borderless Village in Ansan and residential areas of Korean-Chinese like Garibong-dong Guro-gu, Daerim-dong Yeongdeungpo-gu and Jayang-dong Gwangjin-gu. It is meaningful to establish the concept of culture platforms to maximize the characteristics of a diaspora space in the multicultural era. Third, a diaspora space as a transnational community can be transformed into content. A diaspora space where the majority and minority encounter each other has great possibility for the creation of a new unexpected culture, as differing aspects cross and converge. Since the characteristics and properties of a diaspora space and of a culture platform work together well, a culture platform can become a vital model of a diaspora space.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 문제제기 및 연구목적 1
• 2. 선행연구 분석 6
• 3. 연구방법 및 연구내용 12
• Ⅱ. 재일코리안 사회의 역사적 형성과 조선인 집거지 16
• 1. 재일코리안의 이주사적 맥락과 의미 16
• 1) 생존형 초기 이주(1910년～1938년) 19
• 2) 강제연행기(1939년～1945년 광복이전) 23
• 3) 일본 내 고착기(일본 패망 이후～1988년) 25
• 4) 뉴커머 유입(1989년 한국의 해외여행자유화～현재) 27
• 2. 조선인 집거지의 변천과정과 특징 30
• 1) 일제강점기 조선인촌의 형성 31
• 2) 조선인촌에서 조선시장으로 35
• 3) 조선시장에서 코리아타운으로 39
• 4) 코리아타운에서 다문화공생의 장으로 41
• Ⅲ. 코리아타운의 형성과 변화 44
• 1. 오사카․도쿄 코리아타운의 형성과 전개 44
• 1) 오사카 이쿠노 코리아타운 44
• 2) 도쿄 오쿠보 코리아타운 48
• 3) 오사카 코리아타운과 도쿄 코리아타운의 상이점 54
• 2. 코리아타운의 정체성과 제한성 60
• 1) 코리아타운의 정체성 60
• 2) 코리아타운의 제한성에 따른 갈등요인 66
• 3. 한류 유입 이후 코리아타운의 변화 76
• Ⅳ. 코리아타운의 사회문화적 환경에 관한 조사 85
• 1. 코리아타운 실태조사 목적 및 방법 85
• 1) 설문의 목적 85
• 2) 설문방법과 대상 85
• 3) 자료수집 및 분석방법 87
• 2. 코리아타운 실태조사 분석결과 88
• 1) 응답자의 일반적 특성 88
• 2) 코리아타운의 공간인식 90
• 3) 코리아타운의 경제적․문화적 의미 101
• 4) 코리아타운의 미래상 112
• 3. 시사점 122
• 1) 코리아타운의 공간인식 122
• 2) 코리아타운의 경제적․문화적 의미 124
• 3) 코리아타운의 미래상 125
• Ⅴ. 새로운 디아스포라 공간, ‘문화플랫폼’ 129
• 1. 디아스포라 그리고 디아스포라 공간 129
• 2. 코리아타운의 새로운 정체성 ‘문화플랫폼’ 131
• 1) 코리아타운의 새로운 정체성 131
• 2) 문화플랫폼화의 요구 132
• 3. 디아스포라 공간에서 ‘문화플랫폼’으로 145
• Ⅵ. ‘문화플랫폼’으로서 코리아타운의 미래상 148
• 1. 코리아타운의 미래비전 149
• 1) 한국 문화예술의 체험과 코리아타운의 정체성 확대 149
• 2) 쌍방향 교류와 소통의 장 153
• 3) 제3의 미래형 다문화공간 154
• 2. 문화플랫폼 전략과 미래상 157
• 1) 코리아타운의 ‘문화플랫폼’ 구성요소 현황 158
• 2) 구성요소별 미래상 165
• 3. 기대효과 196
• Ⅶ. 결론 198
• 참고문헌 205
• ABSTRACT-1 215
• ABSTRACT-2 219
• 부록 222