This research is initiated from the presupposition that 'space' is the main factor that explores an educational policy and practice agency as well as class, gender and school characteristics. To solve this question, the relation between urban developm...
This research is initiated from the presupposition that 'space' is the main factor that explores an educational policy and practice agency as well as class, gender and school characteristics. To solve this question, the relation between urban development policies and reconstruction of educational spaces were analyzed. The research questions are as below.
First, I will analyze the relation between developmental urban development policies and reconstruction of educational spaces.
Second, I will analyze the relation between neoliberal urban development policies and reconstruction of educational spaces.
Third, I will compare and discuss the characteristics of educational space that is constructed by urban development policies.
To analyze the relation between urban development policies and reconstruction of educational spaces, I will explore 'Gangnam new town' which is implemented by the developmental state, and 'Gangnam urban renewal program' and ‘Eunpyeong New Town' which are implemented by the neoliberal state. And by using Lefebvre's space construction factors, I get new space factors. First, 'space definition' is perceived space by common sense. Second, 'space policy' is conceived space by policy and discourse. Third, 'space image' is lived space by symbol and image. And I analyzed the characteristics of educational space which are reconstructed by urban development policies, using three space factors.
The research findings are as below.
First, Gangnam newtown development was explored to analyze the relation between developmental urban development policies and reconstruction of educational spaces. In space definition, this area was considered wasteland because it was a farming village, the outskirts of Seoul. In the process of urban development, apartments were constructed and urban infrastructures were expanded. At the same time, it was adopted as a policy to move prestige high schools to Gangnam. As a result, the image of Gangnam became privileged educational space where 'apartments culture' of middle class was established. Gangnam educational space was reconstructed as privileged educational space because of preference for prestige high schools and policies- Standardization of high schools and School district system. In the context of developmentalism, the government takes the lead in moving prestige high schools and private educational institutes by a political power. This government's policies facilitated Gangnam development effectively.
Second, Gangnam urban renewal program after 1990s and Eunpyeong New Town in 2000s were explored to analyze the relation between neoliberal urban development policies and reconstruction of educational spaces. In begin with Gangnam urban renewal program, under the influence of the space image which was established by developmental urban development, this area space was perceived as a middle class residence and privileged school district system which prestige high schools exist. In the process of urban renewal program, Brand apartments were constructed. And it moved institutions related to professional occupation such as a court. As a result, Gangnam space image became the privileged private educational institute district. In other words, Gangnam urban renewal program was combined with government's private education permission policy. So Gangnam educational space was reconstructed as a privileged private educational institute district. In the context of neoliberalism, in spite of government's policy to restrain Gangnam education expansion, private education market dramatically expanded with a combination of private education providers and private education consumers who have educational aspiration.
And Eunpyeong New Town area was defined as a disadvantaged area and had bad education environments that poor residence was concentrated before development. However, now Eunpyeong New Town and education environment's image was improved by constructing brand apartments, expanding urban infrastructure, and implementing education environment improvement policies. In other words, Eunpyeong New Town's space was reconstructed as improving poor education environment. However, this area did not function as a privileged education district, despite Eunpyeong-gu office's effort to make qualified education area. In neoliberalism, agent choices and practices were more important than policies.
Third, the characteristics of educational space that is reconstructed by urban development policies were compared. Although Gangnam and Eunpyeong urban development's main agent is nation, the consequences are different each other. In the process of Gangnam development, the goverment forced to move prestige high schools to Gangnam. And the combination of that policy and school district policy makes education space to coincide with residence space. And Gangnam became a privileged space. On the other hand, in the process of Eunpyeong development, public high schools and a autonomous private high school were established. But educational space and residence space were different under High school choice system. So it failed to construct privileged education space.