The wireless communication technology that spreads wide due to widespread internet environment and rapid development of information and communication technology shifts wired internet-based e-learning environment to m-learning environment. Freed from t...
The wireless communication technology that spreads wide due to widespread internet environment and rapid development of information and communication technology shifts wired internet-based e-learning environment to m-learning environment. Freed from the wired internet environment such as class rooms, the learners in m-learning environment can access the internet anywhere by using mobile phones or personal mobile handsets or tablet PCs, etc., which induces ecological changes in classes. (Lim, Jung Hoon, 2008).
These changes in the educational environment also influence foreign language teaching and learning. Availability of rich multi-media materials and a variety of interactions enable listening and speaking-oriented learning in addition to the reading and writing-oriented learning in the past. In particular, e-learning has overcome the limitations in learning foreign languages- the difficulties to learn foreign languages in certain places and during a short period of time; encourage learners to use foreign languages more often; and help learners to access learning materials with ease, which will in turn provide learner with the opportunities for effective learning.
However, not enough e-learning-related data has accumulated, especially in the field of foreign language teaching and learning. In particular, the studies on the strategies to promote the use of m-learning by potential m-learning users have seldom been conducted. In fact, good technology and good learning methods do not ensure the increasing number of potential users and promote their use of m-learning. Thus, the analysis and studies to promote the use of m-learning by potential users are very important.
Thus, this study aims to investigate the factors that affect the choices of foreign language learners on m-learning on the basis of Integration of Technology Acceptance Theory (UTAUT: Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) by Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis (2003), through an empirical analysis and, based on the findings of the analysis, to suggest the implications about strategic factors for foreign language learners.
The specific research questions of this study are as follows.
1. Can a structural relationship model be established between the characteristics variables affecting the behavioral intention to use m-meaning for foreign language learning?
2. Do significant direct/indirect effects exist between the characteristics variables affecting the behavioral intention to use m-meaning for foreign language learning?
This study targeted 223 foreign language learners at one large private English Language Institution in Seoul as the subjects. With respect to the analytic procedure, descriptive statistics analysis and correlation analysis were conducted first; the fitness and validity of measurement model were analyzed by using AMOS; and then the fitness and validity of the structural model were verified. Based upon the results, the direct effects between variables were analyzed, and then the significance of indirect effects was verified by using Sobel (1982) methods.
The findings of this study can be summarized as follows.
First, the results of the verification of the fitness of the structural model exceeds the requirements in assessment standards. Thus, the measurement model in this study is satisfactory and suits the collected data.
Second, with respect to the significant direct effects between characteristics variables between the behavioral intention, it was identified that performance expectancy, social influence and context-based personalization have significant direct effects on the behavioral intention. However, the effort expectancy did not have statistically significant effects on the behavioral intention; the facilitating conditions had no significant direct effects on the behavioral intention and use behavior.
Third, the results of the verification of the significance of indirect effects by using Sobel (1982) methods demonstrated that performance expectancy, social influence and context-based personalization have indirect effects on use behavior through a media-the behavioral intention m-learning.
The conclusions and discussion on the basis of the findings from this study are as follows.
First, with respect to the performance expectancy in learning foreign languages, m-learning is useful to learning foreign language; and the performance expectancy, time-saving and efficiency had a positive effect on the behavioral intention of m-learning. Thus, there is a need to consider the technical support that can manage the time schedule of learners and accrue/record/manage the performance when developing m-learning contents for foreign language learning by identifying the purpose of the use of m-learning and expected performance.
Second, the effort expectancy in using m-learning for foreign language learning, that is, easiness and clarity in understanding new technology, easiness of use and the expectations for easy learning did not have a significant effect on the behavioral intention. It is likely that the consideration of the clarity and easiness about how to use m-learning do not greatly influence the willingness to use because foreign language learning by using m-learning is mainly spread among young people.
Third, the social influence on the use of m-learning in learning foreign languages, that is, people’s awareness that m-learning is ideal for foreign language learning, pride and a sense of alienation had a significant effect on the behavioral intention. This implies that the willingness to use by the pressure from a reference group, seniors and people that affect judgment; pride from the use of m-learning in groups and a sense of alienation from not using m-learning had effects on the behavioral intention.
Fourth, the organizations that support the use and introduction of m-learning or the facilitating conditions that make learners believe the existence of technical infrastructure did not have a significant effect on behavioral intention and use behavior. Many studies reported that the facilitating conditions had an effect on the use behavior rather than the behavioral intention, yet did not have a significant effect on both the behavioral intention and use behavior. It is likely that m-learning content are still in the entry level from the technical perspective, that is, mere unilateral suggestion of contents. Thus, if the technical support and attempts in the future for various interactions are accomplished, the facilitating conditions will serve as important factors for the willingness to use and actual behaviors.
Fifth, context-based personalization effect in the use of m-learning for foreign language learning, that is, the services optimized and customized by considering the time, location and preference wanted by e-learning users and of e-learning learners, have a significant effect on the behavioral intention. Thus, there is a need to consider the optimized and customized services by using ubiquitous computing technology when developing m-learning contents and providing services.
Sixth, it was identified that the behavioral intention m-learning for foreign language learning had an effect on use behavior. The results are consistent with the results from many previous studies including UTAUT researches, implying that there is the high likelihood that the willingness to use m-learning would lead to actual use of m-learning.
Seventh, it was identified that the performance expectancy, social influence and context-based personalization factors in foreign language learning had an indirect effect on actual use behavior through a medium-the behavioral intention m-learning. This implies that to improve the actual use of m-learning in foreign language learning, the behavioral intention as well the performance expectancy, social influence and context-based personalization factors need to be considered simultaneously.
Based upon the findings from this study, the suggestions for the follow-up studies are as follows.
First, the subjects of this study are concentrated mainly 20s and 30s `. Thus, there are the limitations in generalizing the findings of this study. Thus, the future studies need to diversify and subdivide the subjects of study to expand the samples and increase the likelihood of generalization.
Second, the future studies need to include the characteristics factors of e-learning that were not considered in this study except ‘context-based personalization’. The characteristics factors of media and it related factors as well as the psychological factors of e-learning users can be considered.
Third, for in-depth study of the effort expectancy and facilitating conditions proved to be insignificant in this study, the studies targeting other subjects and other methods are needed.
Finally, the studies on the willingness to use m-learning in other study fields including various foreign languages are needed.
The future studies that supplement the limitations mentioned earlier are expected to suggest the plans and directions for establishing effective education strategies when designing e-learning programs and improving performance.