儒家와 墨家의 鬼神論 比較 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Confucianism(儒家) and Mozi(墨家) were the two most prominent philosophies among all philosophers and scholars in Spring-Autumn and Warring States periods(春秋戰國時代). They have made a comparative study even still. Study of this manuscript is consideration about demonography and ancestor worship, that both are common denominators of each philosophy and others’.
Demonographies of each philosophy are a little different but they lead to one root which in three sequential dynasties are Hsia, Yin and Zhou. Memorial services are related especially with the augury of Yin. These two philosophies evaluate several common sage kings (Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu).
Memorial services were done for spirits. In Confucianism, as the slavery and theocracy of Yin had been abolished, the presidency of memorial services were expanded from kings to feudal lords. As times had changed and feudalism and monarchy had taken effect, memorial services were changed as family courtesy from ancestor worship.
Only the families of the kings, feudal lords, noble men, and shamans are authorized to perform ancestral rites. But shaman’s memorial services without the king was completely forbidden. And the viewpoint of the sprits were also changed.
Confucius is different from other philosophers because he didn’t think of spirits as gods but as if they were human beings. Through Confucius' demonography the energy around human life and spirits finally became an idea of the "yin and yang” and soul.
In Demonography of Confucianism, they understand human nature rationally through 畏敬(awe and respect to) the nature. They also understand them through ancestor worship and with “sky philosophy” which is a work of the earth and the sky. At first, the memorial service of Confucianism thought souls as ancestors, but they have changed the ideas about “yin and yang” and soul. And in till this day and age, memorial services were established as a filial duty.
The filial duty, which is a cardinal virtue of Confucianism, has a important educational meaning because sincerity and respect are both established as courtesy. The tradition of memorial services are a practice of filial duty and it has a prominent meaning in a moral aspect.
On the other hand, the philosophies of Mozi have not changed at all from the Demonographies of the other three dynasties. Differently from the philosophy of Confucianism, the Demonography of Mozi respected spirits and also shamans. The philosophers of Mozi thought the spirits were taking place as judges monitoring humans in between heaven and earth. They also suggested that their demonography should be used in politics to reduce harm.
Mozi’s demonography and his thought have expanded to fraternities and was influenced to many people as ideas opposing to the war and common good.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論 1
• 1. 硏究 目的 1
• 2. 硏究 方法 3
• Ⅱ. 鬼神의 語源과 歷史 5
• 1. 鬼神의 語源 5
• 2. 鬼神의 歷史 10
• Ⅲ. 儒家와 墨家의 鬼神論 17
• 1. 儒家의 鬼神論 17
• 1) 자연에의 외경 19
• 2) 조상숭배의 근저 24
• 3) 자연에 대한 합리적 이해 35
• 2. 墨家의 鬼神論 43
• 1) 자연 숭배의 대상 46
• 2) 권선징악 주관 49
• 3) 겸애실천의 근저 58
• Ⅳ. 儒家 墨家 鬼神論의 현대적 의미 63
• 1. 효사상의 정립 63
• 2. 박애사상의 제고 65
• Ⅴ. 結論 68
• 參考文獻 71
• ABSTRACT 74