During Korea war, numerous unarmed civilians were massacred. Among those dreadful genocides, ‘Bodoyonmang incident’, the one of the most terrible massacre from Korean War, is known for about 100,000 deaths during 3 or 4 months just after an outbre...
During Korea war, numerous unarmed civilians were massacred. Among those dreadful genocides, ‘Bodoyonmang incident’, the one of the most terrible massacre from Korean War, is known for about 100,000 deaths during 3 or 4 months just after an outbreak of the War. This massacre was committed by the national power in the retreating way back to south at very pressing moments. At that time, president Rhee SungMan and his government recognized those members of Bodoyonmang as the enemies inside and, also ‘Bbalgangi(reds in Korea)’ spying for external enemies at North.
‘Bbalgangi’ is the one of tools produced from the ‘Thought Control’ operation system by Rhee SungMan government. 'Thought Control' has its own historical background since Japanese colonial period which was made for treating the ‘Thought Trouble’ emerging through the colonial people. ‘Thought Control’ is, in a small sense, a control to a specific thought which is radical and dangerous, and in a large sense, a banning any ‘thought(thinking)’ at all. At this point, it is clear that a ‘thought’ exists in one's own mind. In other word, for controlling ‘thought’, the government needs to look into, recognize, and judge one's mind. Therefore, Japanese Colonial administration made its own peculiar manual and tool, ‘Thought Control Mechanism (TCM)’, as singular in history. Then after the liberation of Korea, the TCM switched into neo-TCM of South Korea. In fact, ‘Bbalgangi’ is one of the notions affected by the TCM.
This study selects the historical formation of TCM of modern Korean society and ‘the case of Bodoyonmang’ as the subjects of research for analyzing the chronicles and historical backgrounds, the operation and effect of TCM. Then this study aims to investigate the process and reality of ‘Bodoyonmang incident’.
1) In this study, researcher defines TCM as a network between three elements. This network also includes two small networks at large. The first network is made of the Thought Control Law and the Thought Control Apparatus. This is the part that many former existing studies focused into as ‘Thought Control Law System (TCLS)’. The other one is the network of the Thought Control Law and Administered Thought Mobilization Organization (ATMO). ATMO is the organization targeting ‘Political Offender’, accused and produced by Thought Control Law System, to convert and manage the offenders. TCLS recognizes and judges one's ideological orientation and punishes the individual and convert his thought, and after then, monitored him under the guise of protection. On this process, government power regulates one's body to mobilize his body and mind at once with using many power techniques. Like this, members of this organization have to be ‘excluded and contaminated’. The real effect of TCM operation is a producing these people at the ‘excluded and contaminated’ status.
However, these people bear strong, inherent possibility to overcome their status of ‘exclusion’ at the threshold point of TCM's operation. In this context, the threshold point is a state of war. When the battlefield locates out of the national territory, the TCM on the rear of battle doesn't reach the threshold point. However, when the front of battlefield arrives into the national territory, and the more domestic area turn into battlefield, thus the ‘status of civil war’ finally comes with the extreme vigilance for throughout enemies and then TCM operation turns into inoperative and approaches to threshold point. As a result, members are recognized as enemies inside and regarded as ‘absolute enemy’ to be killed off and the extermination ideology to justify this exclusion and punishment. On these specific circumstances, TCM gets transformation into genocide mechanism therefore the mass of genocide occurs for its result.
2) This TCM was formed through Japanese colonial period with its own historical background. For the first, in April to May of 1925, the Peace Preservation Law was enacted throughout Japan, the main land and other colonies-Joseon, Taiwan, and Sakhalin-. The Peace Preservation Law was the first Japanese written law which includes ‘Kokutai(国体)’ within the provisions. However, the more thing to focus on is that this law overset the basic premise of criminal code, treating ‘the facts constituting an offense’ as the object of punishment and punished ‘purpose or motive of the offense’. In other words, the Peace Preservation Law can punish individuals for not a ‘result’ of offense to threat the political system of the state, but even for a ‘motive’ within any conducts of association, society-based on arbitrary judgment to combine the motive with the latent result to upset the national system. For this, this law is defined as the unprecedented ‘Thought Punishment Law’ in history. After that, the Peace Preservation Law had developed through two amendments, from thought punishment law to ‘war-time law’. Until 1941, the Neo-Peace Preservation Law formed the war-time peace preservation legal system through thought control law and counter intelligence law; Protective-Supervision Law (1936), Preventive-Detention Law (1941) and National Defense Security Law (1941) for wartime counter intelligence.
Thought Control Law strengthened and divided the thought control organization within governmental system. The professional organizations on thought control were set up in offices of the police, prosecution, law court, and military. And among these, the ‘Thought-Prosecutor’ was the only governmental organization possible to exceed the border of jurisdiction and administration throughout the criminal justice and judicial administration related with thought control. Thought-prosecutor competed with other governmental organizations like police, and built 'Thought Justice' lead by the prosecution. Also, thought-prosecutor invented very unusual power skills in process of management and performed the 'Thought War'.
Thought-Prosecutor cooperated with other thought control organizations and made administered thought mobilization organization among private sector to complement the thought control system. Looking through world history, it is strange that governmental organizations set up ‘Administered’ Mass Mobilization Organization to social association and mobilization. However, Japanese colonialism was the first to organize and mobilize this organization targeting a thought convert; Sasangbogukyonmang(思想報國聯盟) and Daehwasuk(大和塾). Those though coverts are once the ‘enemy’ represents resistance to Japanese colonialism. Therefore, to embrace them into colonial system, regulate them using power skills and practices, mobilize their bodies had very symbolic meaning to colonial government.
3) After the liberation, the former TCM which disappeared with the collapse of Japanese colonialism was rapidly re-built and renovated as the TCM in modern Korean society. US Military Government in Korea (USMGIK) abolished some of colonial though control law-peace preservation law and others-but enacted the Military Ordinance affiliated with Proclamation No.2 replacing the former TCM. Also, USMGIK revived the many of colonial thought control legal system not to have been stated to be abolished. Finally, the National Security Law (NSL) enacted just after the establishment of government of Republic of Korea at December 1948, was the complete revival of the peace preservation law. Even the National Security Law referred to the peace preservation law from 1925, it also included many of peace preservation law from 1928, and neo-peace preservation law from 1941. In particular, those severe punishment polices of NSL were originated from neo-peace preservation law. In specific, the policy and guidelines on law enforcement featured that. The most problematic issue was the gap between written provisions of LSL and actual policies of law enforcement, and to resolve the issue, the government of ROK amended the LSL. The amended LSL went back to the neo-peace preservation law in its formation and structure and went more severe on its enforcement than neo-peace preservation law in its actual contents. It means that LSL implied the characteristics of ‘lawful civil war’ towards whole national society.
The thought-prosecutors were also revived. The thought-prosecutor almost disappeared under the ‘Occupation Justice’ of USMGIK, but the prosecution had tried gradually to recover the mighty power of its thought-prosecutor organization. And then, after the enactment of LSL, the thought-prosecutor was re-organized and stood front of treating thought-crime (the left crime). In this process, thought-prosecutor, Thought-Police, military police, and Korean Army Counter Intelligence (CIC) competed sharply but after middle of 1949, the thought-prosecutor could obtain relative dominance and build up the ‘Anti-Communist Justice’.
As Bodoyonmang was associated at April of 1949, the Administered Thought Mobilization Organization (ATMO) also re-appeared. The thought-prosecutor (Information Division of Seoul District Public Prosecutors' Office) and police (Seoul City Police and each Investigation Division of Province Police Bureau were lead of it and military organizations supported it. At first, Bodoyonmang was similar with Sasangbogukyonmang(思想報國聯盟) in terms of that it was thought mobilization organization. However, as local branch launching was into raging, the origin of the members were divided into several features. The restriction of membership, limited to thought converts were removed and the membership became open to general public then the characteristic of this organization degenerated into public mobilization organization emphasizing anti-communism and counter-intelligence. In here, the issue is that this indiscreet entrance worked indiscreet ‘branding as the left’ and then caused many social problems. Government adopted the ‘Withdrawal from Organization’ as a main project of Bodoyonmang. It reflects the remarkable characteristic of Bodoyonmang. Bodoyonmang was differentiated with other former Japanese colonial organizations for that the ultimate step of thought control and mobilization was to withdrawal from organization.
4) TCM of Japanese Colonialism and ROK government created ‘Thought-Criminal’ into two shapes; ‘Aka’(reds in Japan) and ‘Bbalgangi’. ‘Aka’ and ‘Bbalgangi’ are common with to define one's characteristic using color-‘red’(赤). As primary meaning, both terms depreciate communist, and the more remarkable common feature is that both are open to interpretation and work as symbol of exclusion. However, these are different in signification. Even ‘Aka’ implies extremely negative meaning, it doesn't mean extreme exclusion, i.e. extinction, extermination. Rather than that, ‘Aka’ was the target of containment or, at least of ‘exclusion but containment’. As the war spread out to Pacific area, Japanese colonialism preventively detained the unconverted and excluded them from society, but this was limited to some cases and furthermore, the possibility of containment was expressed in colonial discourse. However, ‘Bbalgangi’ is differentiated from ‘Aka’ since it means the readily-condemned criminal, even as the ‘criminal must be killed’. As it shows, the name or term ‘Bbalgangi’ already bear the extiction, extermination and possible genocide within. This is a result from radical, extreme signification of ‘Bbalgangi’ on state of civil war, about the establishment of the ROK government, throughout the process of building a state, revolution and its anti-revolution, rebellion and repression on it; a state of exception.
As above, trying to switch ‘Bbalgangi’ to the convert through Bodoyonmang lead by government was very dangerous and furthermore, it involved catastrophic result. Because the list of ‘Bodoyonmang’ membership turned into ‘government-made Bbalgangi’ list and finally converted into ‘hit list’ to be killed.
5) The outbreak of Korean War caused the threshold point of TCM operation in Korea. The legal system of Thought Control was melted into legal structure for the state of exception (emergency state), provided the hit list of victims of genocide, and worked for ‘instrumental rationality’ to justify the genocide. The preliminary custody and genocide committed by Rhee's government did not occur outside of legal system but occur inside the legal system that made a state of exception into customary practice (i.e. martial law or special law for punishment) and used law enforcement and management.
Even under the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DBRK), the survived members of Bodoyonmang, who were the victims of genocide committed by Rhee's government, were treated harshly. The occupation troops from DBRK also divided and excluded them as ‘betrayer’, ‘reactionary’ based on military occupation jurisdiction. As a result, the rest member of Bodoyonmang were ‘punished’, ‘purged’, or conscripted to volunteer army and then dead or hurt on battlefield.