“Why do some firms succeed, while other firms fail?” This question is one of the critical questions in the area of entrepreneurship research. However, the answer for this question is limited. As previous literatures have usually focused attention ...
“Why do some firms succeed, while other firms fail?” This question is one of the critical questions in the area of entrepreneurship research. However, the answer for this question is limited. As previous literatures have usually focused attention on “who initiates venture start-ups and what are the key characteristics of the founders?” we do not know much of the entrepreneurial process after start-ups founded. Thus, researches were needed to explore the process which firms grow and finally succeed. Fortunately, a stream of research exists, which focused on the entrepreneurial process and emphasized the dimension of innovative, proactive, and risk-taking nature of starts-ups. The research area was known as entrepreneurial orientation.
Previous empirical researches of entrepreneurial orientation have focused on the main effect of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance, but, at the same time, emphasized the role of contingent factors, which moderate the positive performance effect of entrepreneurial orientation. These contingent factors range mainly from external factors such as environmental hostility and dynamism, to internal characteristics, such as organizational size and organic structure. However, the recent review of Miller(2011) indicates that endeavors of past 30 years showed some limitations, the structural and embedded characteristics of organization. Thus, I thoroughly reviewed the empirical papers published in the major journals of entrepreneurship, and identified two major gaps in those research area of entrepreneurial orientation; one of which can be found in the article of Miller(1983, 2011), which suggests to identify the effect of configurational characteristics of organizations, and the other suggests not to distinguish the concept of entrepreneurial orientation from entrepreneurship existing in organizations.
In order to identify the concept of entrepreneurial orientation from entrepreneurship, I compare the performance effects of entrepreneurial orientation by growth stage of start-ups and founder succession. Also, in order to highlight the structural and embedded characteristics of organization, I explore one positive moderating effects of structure of available resources, such as diversity of human resource function and strategic alliances portfolio, and another positive moderating effects of changing context of organization, such as organizational life cycle and founder succession.
Using the survey data of Korean Venture Research Institutes, I analyze the effects of antecedent factors which determine the level of entrepreneurial orientation, and the effects of structural and contextual moderators of organization. The results of 1,502 Korean venture starts-ups showed that the diversity effects of founder’s experience and strategic alliance portfolio determine the level of entrepreneurial orientation, and the effects of environmental dynamism of industry and the diversity of strategic alliance portfolio moderate the performance effect of entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, organizational changing context, such as organizational life cycle and succession of founders, found to be another positive performance moderator of entrepreneurial orientation.
These results suggest following implications. First, this study highlights the diversity effect of strategic alliance portfolio with entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance, which reflects the structural features of available resources. The results may extend the research frame suggested by Covin & Slevin(1991), and Lumpkin & Dess(1996), in that current study explores and extends the structural effects of organizations. Likewise, the contextual embedding effects of organizational life cycle and founder succession were found to be other moderators.
Second, this study identifies the effect of founder’s experience on entrepreneurial orientation, and the positive moderating effects of the life cycle of organization and the founder succession. These results show that the firm-level concept of entrepreneurial orientation can be determined by the founder characteristics, but the positive performance effects of entrepreneurial orientation can be strengthened after founder succession. These seemingly paradoxical effects of founder can be better explained by the concept of “paradox of embedded agency” and thus provides theoretical implication for the researchers of new institutional theory.
Third, current study identified the diversity effect of alliance portfolio as a moderator on firm performance, and at the same time as an antecedent of entrepreneurial orientation. These results showed the nature of venture starts-ups, which experience the liability of newness, and suggest the effective method to enhance entrepreneurial orientation. The limitation of this research and further research directions are also discussed.