The purpose of this paper is to offer a new feminist theory about the relationship between age and gender in order to analyze the rapid transformation of women's lives in Korean society. I designed a 'gender-age regime' as an analytic frame for presen...
The purpose of this paper is to offer a new feminist theory about the relationship between age and gender in order to analyze the rapid transformation of women's lives in Korean society. I designed a 'gender-age regime' as an analytic frame for presenting that gender is not a state but a temporal process of becoming and age is arranged by gender. In this paper, I explored to how the gender system is connected to women's experiences of age and the political implication of it. I analyzed the experiences of age with the case of 40 women ranging in age from 20 to 60.
The result of research is as follows:
First, the gender-age regime in South Korea has been constructed throughout two main structural forces - the modernization project driven by hypermasculine state developmentalism, and the transformation of capitalism from industrial to neoliberalism. The gender-age regime has made specific hierarchy and cultural script about age. In this circumstance, women and men came to have different aging scripts to conform to the social gender system. Although women's lives which confirm the aging script could be accepted as 'natural' experiences, other experiences that cannot be captured by the script have been invisible as exception, regression, or stagnancy. In this way, the gender-age regime has constructed the 'normal' femininity, the Woman.
Second, despite the dominance of the gender-age regime, dominance is not a monolithic state but a fluid process. Individual women are living in specific conditions that would be determined by class, sexual identity, generational relationship, and marriage. Therefore, the experience of age for women can be explained as the result of gender negotiation in a particular historical moment. Moreover, in a neoliberal regime, many people might think that age could be controlled by individual efforts. This recent trend is a mixed blessing because it could dissolve the gender-age regime or deprive people's lives of the meaningful present.
Last, while the gender-age regime postulates that every individual woman lives as Woman their whole lives (in the industrial era) or can be free from age effects (in the neoliberal era), these dominant narratives cannot reflect women's experiences in real. The women who were not represented in the dominant narrative have been building up their own life history, and its narrative has an alternative temporality with a rhythm, meaning, and value different from the script. These women have integrated narratives by accepting that humans live in a limited time and life is full of fortuity, and are trying to be detached from the gender norm at the same time. Nobody can control the whole life and prepare for the future perfectly, which is the main insight some women have acquired in aging.
Since the alternative narratives about aging experiences have a possibility to redefine the meaning of 'normal lives', they can be valuable resources for feminist politics because they would deconstruct the gender-age regime. In this manner, feminist theory should discover and circulate the experiences of women who have a different sense of aging in competition with a dominant narrative, and seek to transform our society to embrace the different temporalities of women's lives.
keywords : gender-age regime, age hierarchy, cultural script about age, meaningful present, narrative, limited time, fortuity, alternative temporalities