This study aims to improve the regulatory framework of advertising and make up for the incomplete legal system by clarifying the consumer concept which is applied at the determination of misleading ads. There are three types of consumers examined at t...
This study aims to improve the regulatory framework of advertising and make up for the incomplete legal system by clarifying the consumer concept which is applied at the determination of misleading ads. There are three types of consumers examined at the determination of misleading ads; the reasonable consumer, the ignorant consumer and the average consumer. Different concepts of consumers has been applied among countries and at times even in the same country. In Korea, the consumer concept applied to determine misleading ads is found to be the 'ordinary consumer' or 'average consumer layer' or 'consumers with the usual attention'.
If a reasonable consumer is a fully rational person and an ignorant consumer is an unreasonable one, the average consumer can be assumed to be a moderately reasonable person. When the average consumer concept is applied to determine misleading ads, the probability of the consumer damage is concerning. The reason is because the consumer's cognition does not work reasonably at all times. Consumers respond irrationally and are sensitive to advertising messages. Therefore, consumer misleading ads have created the need for critical examination of those ads. In other words, it is required to redefine the concept of the 'average consumer' depending on the situation which induces the consumer to be misled. The problem to redefine and improve the concept of the consumer is that every case must be examined individually to see when and in what situation must be presented in order to consider redefining this concept. Furthermore, there also needs to be a redefinition for judicial review and regulation. Based on the aforementioned needs, the following research questions were raised:
Research Question 1. What is the 'average consumer' concept that is applied when determining misleading ads?
Research Question 2. Which concept of the consumer should be applied to vulnerable groups when judging the ad whether it is misleading the consumer or not?
Research Question 3. Which consumer concept is applied when determining misleading ads depending on the message materiality, consumer involvement, and what should be done to improve the legal system?
In order to solve the research problems, several factors must be examined. First, advertising regulation laws and theory are reviewed and evaluated, specifically, in terms of freedom of expression, the change of regulation law and theory, regulation standard on the commercial speech (ads) are examined. Misleading advertising regulation law and theory as well as changes to regulatory standards for the commercial media, advertising and consumer standards of judicial regulations were also reviewed for changes. Second, legal implication and type of misleading advertising are investigated. Regulation systems on misleading advertising are also discussed. Third, the factors causing consumers to be misled are examined and the determining model for misleading ads is presented. Specifically, consumer reasonableness and sensitivity, message materiality and involvement are discussed. Legal factors and communication factors, components of model to determine consumer misleading must be proposed. Fourth, KFTC (Korea Fair Trade Commission) cases and court cases are analyzed to investigate the attitudes of the KFTC and the courts about the determination of misleading advertising. Derived analysis results are as follows:
With regard to research question 1, the concept of average consumer applied by the KFTC to determine misleading advertising, is found to be that of the ignorant consumer; consumers who believe and accept the product claims as they are. With respect to research question 2, the consumer standard applied by the KFTC to determine misleading advertising for vulnerable groups is also that of the ignorant consumer. With regard to research question 3, the concept of consumer applied by the KFTC to determine misleading of advertising with message materiality and message involvement is the same; the concept applied is of the ignorant consumer.
The application of the same consumer standard without consideration of involvement level or consumer vulnerability may need to be adjusted. Everyday items commonly used are different from apartment, and cars in the degree of consumer interest at the time of purchase. And the same is true in the case of consumer characteristics. There are different levels of cognition between average consumers and vulnerable groups. Average consumers accept advertising messages more carefully than the vulnerable groups.
Related to research question 1, it was found that the court applied the concept of the average consumer with bounded rationality to decide on cases regarding misleading ads. In the court's ruling, ignorant consumers who trust and accept the advertising messages are not found, and the court stated that consumers are not experts. With respect to research question 2, the standards that applied to the most vulnerable consumer by the court in cases of misleading advertisement is also that of the average consumer with bounded rationality. Specifically, advertisements containing explicit treatment of illnesses or symptoms were found to be especially vulnerable legally, as the courts did not consider them as false representations, or hype. Rather, the court failed to take into consideration the sensitivity of vulnerable groups to such messages. With regard to research question 3, the concept of consumer applied to determine by the court ad misleading in a material way also turned out to be the average consumer with bounded rationality. And the same as in the case of message involvement, the consumer standard applied to determine misleading ad is average consumer with limited rationality regardless of involvement level.
The concept of consumer applied by the KFTC to determine misleading ads is different from that of the court. Without regard to consumer or message characteristics the KFTC applies ignorant or thoughtless consumer standard with lower level of cognition. On the other hand, the court applies uniformly average consumer standard with bounded rationality without consideration of vulnerable people or message characteristics, materiality and involvement. It is revealed that the court applies the concept of consumer with higher level of cognition than the KFTC. The difference is derived from objectives of the courts and administrative agencies. The court resolves the dispute between the parties post-relief purposes, whereas the administrative agencies perform the proactive functions for the benefit of the public. Therefore, the administrative agency, the KFTC regulations are interpreted as relatively rigid. In order to perform as an advertising regulatory body, the concept of consumer applied to determine misleading advertising needs to be differentiated depending on the consumer and message characteristics. By doing so, excessive regulation, such as on golf memberships, can be avoided.
This study was conducted to provide suggestions on how to differentiate the concept of consumer applied to determine misleading advertising based on the consumer and advertising messages.