Study on history of Korean modern children's songs is a momentous research field of Korean musicology to establish identity of Korean musicology because the severance of history and distortion which were caused by meeting Korean tradition and Japanese...
Study on history of Korean modern children's songs is a momentous research field of Korean musicology to establish identity of Korean musicology because the severance of history and distortion which were caused by meeting Korean tradition and Japanese modernity. So far modern children's songs of Korea have been considered to be affected by Japanese Changga and Joseon enlightenment Changga and have been studied in related to positive parts of modern children's movement. But it is thought that modern creativity movement of children's songs in Korea was affected by Japanese children cultural movement based on the theory of children's innocence by arts in the late 1910s. Especially creative children's songs was regularized by Korean children's magazine 󰡔Eorini󰡕 published in 1923, which was affected by Japanese children's magazine 󰡔Akaitori󰡕 first issued in 1918. Therefore it was posed that comparison study of 󰡔Eorini󰡕 and 󰡔Akaitori󰡕 was necessary.
In this circumstance this study compared between 󰡔Eorini󰡕 and 󰡔Akaitori󰡕 in three aspects. First, it developed comparisons of ‘the theory of children's innocence’ in Korea and Japan at that time as the establishment background of 󰡔Eorini󰡕와 󰡔Akaitori󰡕. Secondly, it compared between similarities and differences of viewpoints on creative children's songs. Thirdly, it compared performing principles, rhythm and theme of lyrics used in musical notes contained in the two magazines. Also, it attempted to find the implications of composing and dissemination of children's songs as the ethnic style by the research of development phase and the view of children's songs and music appeared in colonial modernism. The contents are as followings.
First, children movement in Korea at that time was affected by the humanitarian view of children formed in Japan, placing the idea of child respecting originated from 'Innecheon' of Cheondogyo which preached the idea of 'children are heaven' on the bottom. With this background the theory of children's innocence as angels was formed and then the reality of the double exploited structure in the colonial period was expressed as 'theory of children's innocence with sentiment'. However it was confirmed that children movement in Japan is based on the theory of children's innocence by arts which pursued acquisition of elegance by exclusive arts. Also, the theory was based on democratical view of equalism under economical stability through colonial exploits and establishment of modernism. Hereby it was found that the basis of the theory of children's innocence in Korea and in Japan were different.
Secondly, children's stories and children's songs hold the central place in practices in the 'theory of children's innocence' appeared in 󰡔Eorini󰡕 and 󰡔Akaitori󰡕. It was claimed that children's songs of new style be created with the children's language and children's heart in creative children's songs. Also it was suggested children's songs be written for children to sing and carry out educational purposes with interest and sentiment of children.
But Korean children's songs newly composed by song writers who studied in Japan holding a large majority, and tried to compose new songs by accept new culture and by the limitation of colonial reality that Korean didn't allow to sing Korean songs and speak Korean had a limitation in holding ethnic music style because they copied 'Japanese music' and 'western music'. Even though the limitation Yun gukyong suggested that 'Josen's ingenious songs' be written containing 'Josen's soul' and 'Josen's beauty'. And An giyong tired to realize a new ethic music style by autonomous acceptance on the basis of Minyo. This is quite different from the attitude of majority musicians such as Hong nanpa, Bak uyong, Yeun sungduk, who insisted western music be accepted because Josen's music is low-grade and uncivilized.
In Japan the view of ‘traditional songs’(Warabeuta) was clarified from the beginning of 󰡔Akaitori󰡕. Music and rhythm with combinations of Japanese style became the principle in creative children's songs by Kitahara Hakusyu(北原白秋), who took the lead of children's songs of 󰡔Akaitori󰡕. Composing of children's songs in Japan succeeded 'Japanese sentiment' and 'Japanese music' by placing Japanese children's songs on the bottom.
Thirdly, when it came to composing principles of children's songs in 󰡔Eorini󰡕 and 󰡔Akaitori󰡕, mainly the songs were created based on the Yonanuki scale, Japanese new scale and 2 time signatures (2/4 ․ 3/4 ․ 4/4) had a high portion appeared frequently in western music and Japanese music and 7.5jo rhythm which formed based on Japanese poetry, 8.5jo and 7.7 jo rhythm transformed were used mainly. It showed that Korean modern children's songs in 󰡔Eorini󰡕, which had quite westernized forms such as 2 time signatures, the major of Yonanuki and 7.5 jo rhythm, were affected by modern children's songs of Japan. This stylization of Japanese music was in the way of the development of Korean children's songs by blocking creation of ethnical music style and autonomous expressions that children's songs had.
And this study considered the time 'Korean writer' sang "the children's innocence' by 'Korean' as the departure of creative children's songs point in period division of children's songs in 󰡔Eorini󰡕. Also it divided periods by the changes aspects caused by the colonial policies of Japan and the juvenile movement and anti-colonial movement affected by the colonial policies of Japan. The results are as follows.
The quickening period is from 1918 in which Chok(a butterfly), the children's song of Lee sangjun released before the first issue of 󰡔Eorini󰡕. From 1923 in which 󰡔Eorini󰡕 published the first issue and creative children's songs became regularized to 1927 in which the line of juvenile movement was established was 'growth phase of children's songs. And from 1928 in which 'Korean juvenile alliance' as the alliance of nationwide juvenile movement was established and anti-colonial movement and the classical view of children was spreaded to 1930 in which publishing creative children's songs by 󰡔Eorini󰡕 reached a plateau, changes were pursued and creative children's songs by writers through publishing books of children's songs were regularized was 'the confused stage and seeking changes of creative children's songs'. Afterwards 'the turning point of creative children's songs' was begun from 1931 in which Bang Jungwhan passed away and the realism of children's songs are established by strengthening colonial exploits of Japan, which led the Manchurian Incident.
While Japanese changga and christian hymns were song in Korean kindergartens at that time, modern children's songs of Korea came into wide use to kindergartens even though 'the policy of annihilation of Korean' and strengthening of colonial rule were executed. Also the music text book, 󰡔Sohakchangga󰡕 which was published in 1935 included 12 children's songs written by Korean even though spreading Korean modern children's songs had a limitation that the music education policy, which executed according to the control of the Japanese Government-General of Korea was focused on Japanese changga in public and private schools. But it showed the effect of Japanese children's songs on Koreans that the 「Sumginaegi」 composed by Kim youngwhan contained in 󰡔Sohakchangga󰡕 for the 1st year and 「Bom」 for the 2nd year were composed similarly with 「Hyungjebyeol」 was put in 󰡔Eorini󰡕 for the first time as a Japanese children's song. While creative children's songs were spreaded by musical notes of magazines such as 󰡔Eorini󰡕 and widening its path by spreading records, a donzen of recording companies such as ‘Columbia Ltd.’ released records from 1926. Songs of Hong nanpa and Yun geukyong as composers, songs of Yun seokjung, Yun bokjin as lyrics writers were recorded. It was proved that 「Sumbakjapgi」by Yun geukyong, 「Gaeulbam」과 「Oppasanggak」by Park taejun, 「Byungjungnapal」 by Hong nanpa were popular because the recording copies number was remarkable.
Lyrics wirters such as Bang jungwhan, Yun seokjung and composers such as Yun geukyong, Jung suncheol, Park taejun, Hong nanpa and An giyoung inculcated new idea of respecting children into Korea by creative children's songs in the harsh colonial period and left pearly works keeping Korean and cultivating ethnic sentiment. But there was a limitation in creating , succeeding of our tradition in the musical aspect of children's songs. Therefore it was regretable that the contents and forms of children's songs didn't assertively realize 'Joseon's beauty' and 'Joseon's soul' by ethnic forms, most of all.
The results of this study is aimed at disseminate and creative children's songs with 'identity' on the basis of 'children's innocence'