형평사의 노선분화와 성격변화 = Differentiation and Characteristic Changes of Hyongpyongasa

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study explored how Hyeongpyeongsa(衡平社), founded in 1923, transformed itself into Daedongsa(大同社) in 1935, the pro-Japan organization that collaborated with Japan, and its activities after the transformation in connection with Japan's suppression. Most previous studies, largely based on newspaper articles, failed to shed light on any relevance between the organization's movement to achieve a social equality and its surrounding environment.
Hyeongpyeongsa, launched with the aim of protecting the rights of butchers, gradually showed the features of a left-leaning organization as it began to work closely with those waging social movements which were spreading widely at the time. The cooperation helped the organization carry out the social equality movement, but it was quite risky because Japan was not favorable to social movements. Beginning the early 1920s, social movements were influenced by socialism, which drew Japanese authorities' attention. In 1925, the Government General of Korea established the security law to suppress socialism.
The suppression from the Government General of Korea led to the alliance of young vanguard from Hyeongpyeongsa in 1933. A record number of people were arrested on a charge of violating the security law in 1933, and the members of Hyeongpyeongsa which showed lots of features of a left-leaning organization were also caught by law. About one hundred members of the organization were taken to the Government General of Korea and some of them, mostly representative radical members, were put into prison. As a result, the balance of power within the organization was destroyed and the organization was changed into the pro-Japan organization Daedongsa.
Previous studies stated that the alliance of young vanguard from Hyeongpyeongsa was manipulated by Japan. They said that in order to secure the supply of cow leather, Japan arrested the radicals of Hyeongpyeongsa and intentionally delayed bringing them to trial, triggering the emergence of Daedongsa. However, looking into the statistical yearbook of the Government General of Korea and the list of factories in Joseon found that the alliance had more to do with Japan's control tightened by the establishment and revision of the security law than the supply of cow leather. After the security law was revised in 1928, the number of arrested people surged. In 1933 when the alliance of young vanguard took place, a record number of people were arrested, and thus frequent delays were inevitable in bringing them to trial. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the alliance of young vanguard had something to do with Japan's extensive crackdown on social movements. That is, the surge in the number of arrested people caused delays in bringing them to trial, and therefore the arrested radicals of Hyeongpyeongsa also had to wait long to be brought to trial.
After the arrest of the radicals, Hyeongpyeongsa changed its name into Daedongsa and created a new creed and elected new leading members. The Sino-Japanese War in 1937 became the starting point of the organization's aggressive collaboration with Japan. The organization decided to help Japan to prevent its crackdown on the members and protect their financial benefits.
Daedongsa gained little benefits from its aggressive collaboration with Japan. That is because Japanese authorities put the organization on a blacklist and ceaselessly suppressed it. In response, the organization reverted to its original name Hyeongpyeongsa and strived to regain its former reputation and influence. But, faced with Japan's increasingly aggressive crackdown on organizations waging social movements, Hyeongpyeongsa's efforts failed. In the end, as the law regarding society organizations was revised in 1941, requiring people to register the establishment of an organization with the government without getting permission, Hyeongpyeongsa began to disintegrate.
Changes in the characteristics of Hyeongpyeongsa and its disintegration can be explained with its closeness to leftist groups attributed to its cooperation with those waging social movements and Japan's tightened suppression on it. Its cooperation with the socialist organization helped Hyeongpyeongsa fight against lots of opponents, but drew suppression from Japan which began to crack down on socialism in the 1920s. Faced with Japan's suppression, the organization changed into the pro-Japan organization Daedongsa. However, amid the Sino-Japanese War, Japan's suppression tightened, which threatened even the survival of Daedongsa.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 형평사의 창립과 노선분화의 動因 5
• 1. 형평사의 창립과정 5
• (1) 시대적 배경 5
• (2) 형평사의 창립 10
• 2. 형평사의 노선분화와 그 원인 13
• (1) 혁신동맹회의 분립 13
• (2) 노선분화의 원인 15
• Ⅲ. 노선대립과 급진세력의 몰락 26
• 1. 노선대립의 격화 26
• (1) 新강령의 채택과 조직개편 26
• (2) 갈등의 격화와 해소론의 대두 29
• 2. 형평청년전위동맹사건 32
• (1) 형평청년전위동맹사건의 배경과 내용 32
• (2) 형평청년전위동맹사건의 성격 40
• Ⅳ. 대동사로의 전환과 소멸 48
• 1. 대동사로의 전환 48
• (1) 형평사의 쇠퇴 48
• (2) 대동사로의 전환과 親日활동 50
• 2. 형평사의 종언 54
• (1) 대동사의 쇠퇴 54
• (2) 형평사로의 회귀와 소멸 56
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 58
• 참고문헌 60