조선시대 유교의례 관련 한글문헌 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Confucian rituals in the Joseon period can be categorized as part of the “Five Rites” (Orye, 五禮) of the state and “Four Rites” of Joseon Confucian scholar-officials (sadaebu). “Five Rites” are ritual procedures and regulations that must be observed by the state and the royal family on occasions of ancestor worship, weddings, court banquets, reception of foreign envoys, military inspections, and burials; these are comprised of auspicious rite (gillye, 吉禮), felicitous rite (garye, 嘉禮), rite for welcoming foreign envoys (billye, 賓禮), military rite (gullye, 軍禮), and inauspicious rite (hyungnye, 凶禮). “Four Rites” are passing-of-age rite that scholar-officials go through life; they are comprised of “coming-of-age” rite (gwallye, 冠禮), wedding rite (hollye, 婚禮), funeral rite (sangnye, 喪禮), and ancestor rite (jerye, 祭禮). This paper investigates the “Five Rites” of the state and the “Four Rites” of the Joseon Confucian scholar-officials by examining han’geul documents on Joseon Confucian ritual propriety.

Joseon dynasty proactively adopted China’s Confucian ritual propriety and adapted it to suit its own circumstances by establishing its unique system of ritual propriety, which resulted in the compilation of documents on various ritual propriety as well as advancement in the study of rites. Han’geul documents that have survived to date also went through changes at this time in that they were written in diverse styles. Examples of these are catalogs (balgi, 件記), itemized lists (danja, 單子), diagrams (dosik, 圖式), accounting books (chibu, 置簿), explanation of rituals (uiju, 儀註), record of ritual protocols (holgi, 笏記), investiture documents (chaengmun, 冊文), eulogies (jemun, 祭文), music scores (akjang, 樂章), diaries (ilgi, 日記), transcribed records (deungnok, 謄錄), diagram of ritual protocols (uigwe, 儀軌), and ritual manuals (yeseo, 禮書). Among the fine collection of han’geul documents on Confucian rites at Jangseo-gak Library, many are on the royal family; however, only those documents from the reign of Gojong are intact. Documents on Confucian rituals of private families are in the possession of a few head families (宗家) with a strong attachment to the ancient documents left by their ancestors.

Han’geul documents on the “Five Rites” (i.e., Confucian rites of the Joseon royal family) reveal that many of these documents concentrate on events directly related to the royal family members such as auspicious rite, inauspicious rite, and felicitous rite rather than official state events. On felicitous and inauspicious rites, Jangseo-gak Library has han’geul documents--translated and compiled--on conducting funeral rites for queens and royal concubines and on performing ancestor rites at the Royal Shrine where four generations of a king’s ancestors and the life-story of past kings and queens are kept. On felicitous rite, the largest number of materials exists on the coming-of-age rite, marriage, birthday celebrations, and greeting banquets for Crown Prince Cheok (Sunjong); a fair number of materials contain records on several occasions in which documents were drawn up during veneration rites to award posthumous titles to Dowager Queen Sinjeong of the Jo clan as well as Gojong’s birthday celebrations and greeting banquets. Jangseo-gak materials in particular make it possible to compare the royal family rites of Joseon and of the Great Han Empire because part of the Jangseo-gak collection contains some materials from the Great Han Empire period. A good example would be the many extant han’geul documents on Sunjong’s two marriages, the first one as the crown prince in 1882 and his second marriage as the heir apparent to the Great Han Empire in 1906 after the death of his first queen.

Han’geul texts on the “Four Rites” (i.e., Confucian rituals performed by private families) include translated publications on the regulations and procedures of rites and various fragments of records published during the process of these rites. Sinsik’s Vernacular Interpretation of Family Rite is representative of wooden block publications that came out at a time when diverse books on family rituals were translated into han’geul with the advancement in the study of rituals. Thereafter, Vernacular Interpretation of Funeral Rites, Selection of Vernacular Interpretation of Funeral Rites, and Outline of Mourning Rites were compiled, published in a rectangular form, and published during the colonial period so that a wider range of people could read them. These translated books show one common purpose for their publication—for women and children to easily become familiar with family rites, especially funeral rites. In addition, descendants of Dongchundang of the Eunjin Song clan from Daejeon and of Pojeo of the Pungyang Jo clan from Gyeonggi-do had han’geul texts in their possession which were written by generations of their ancestors of the Joseon period on occasions of “coming-of-age” rites, wedding rites, funeral rites, and ancestor rites. And having examined these documents, it was found that coming-of-age and marriage rites were performed together due to the custom of marrying at a very young age. Hence, han’geul records on clothes for the coming-of-age rite can be found in a catalog that lists itemized goods to be prepared for marriage because han’geul documents on marriage rite include fortunetelling records on the suitability between bride and groom, itemized list of the clothing size of bride and groom, catalog of itemized goods for marriage (itemized list of goods), prosperity record which contains transaction record of marriage goods at the market. For funeral rites, there are various accounting books containing a list of goods used, records on how to make funeral clothing such as a scholar’s outer clothing, contribution records in which contributions of those who attended the funeral were listed, eulogy for funeral rites, while there are anniversary records that list the dates of ancestors’ deaths for memorial service, itemized lists of food and utensils used in ancestor rites, and diagrams of the ritual table setting for ancestor rites.

The procedure of the Confucian ritual can be divided into three stages: “preparation,” “main ritual,” and “conclusion.” Different style of documents are used in each stage. During the preparation stage, following documents were created in order to provide and arrange diverse ritual goods without leaving anything out: catalogs, itemized lists, diagrams, and accounting books that list or outline names and quantity of goods, explanation of rituals, records of ritual protocols that contain ritual procedures for smooth ritual process, investiture documents, eulogy to read out loud key features of the rituals for the benefit of the audience, and music scores with eulogizing verses to be sung at the banquet that accompany rituals. Furthermore, contents of rituals were transcribed into integrated document forms, such as diary, transcribed record, diagram of ritual protocol, and ritual manual, at the concluding stage to provide a source of conduct for later generations. All documents written down during each stage of the ritual were bound in diverse forms such as leaf, album, and book form, depending on their usage. Han’geul texts created through this series of processes were mainly used in those days by housewives of private families and court maids who actually prepared and carried out rituals at court. Not only that, books on rites were translated into han’geul and compiled so that the queen and the royal concubines who were not directly involved in these rites, young Crown Prince, housewives of private families, and children can easily understand the general procedures involved in Confucian rituals.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 조선시대의 유교 의례와 관련된 자료 가운데 한글로 표기된 텍스트가 주축을 이루는 ‘한글문헌’들을 대상으로 그 제작 및 전승의 배경을 비롯하여 개별 자료의 내용 및 가치, 유형별 특성 등에 관하여 연구한 내용을 서술한 것이다.

조선 세종 대에 한글이 창제된 이후 왕실에서부터 제작된 한글문헌은 현전하는 기록물 가운데 그 수량이 많지 않다. 그러나 당시의 통용 문자인 한자와는 달리 한글은 왕실 구성원이나 사대부뿐만 아니라 일반 백성에 이르기까지 폭넓게 보급된 까닭에 한글로 기록된 문헌들은 그 제작 수량에 비해 다양한 내용을 담고 있다. 그 가운데 ‘예(禮)’를 다스림의 근본으로 삼았던 유교 국가인 조선에서 그 무엇보다 중시했던 유교 의례와 관련된 자료들에 주목하였다.

유교 의례는 국가 및 왕실과 관련된 제사·혼례·연회·사신 접대·군사 정비· 상·장례 등의 시행 절차나 규정을 길례(吉禮)·가례(嘉禮)·빈례(賓禮)·군례(軍 禮)·흉례(凶禮) 다섯 가지로 정립한 ‘오례(五禮)’와 사대부가 일생 동안 반드시 치르는 통과의례를 관례(冠禮)·혼례(婚禮)·상례(喪禮)·제례(祭禮) 네 가지로 정립한 ‘사례(四禮)’로 구분된다. 조선은 중국의 유교 의례를 적극적으로 수용하면서도 실정에 맞게 변형시켜 각종 의례 관련 문헌들을 편찬함으로써 독자적인 의례의 체계를 정립시켜 나갔다. 한글문헌 역시 이러한 분위기 속에서 제작되어 다른 문헌들과 함께 왕실 및 사가에 전승되어 왔다. 왕실 의례 관련 한글문헌은 장서각에서 집중적으로 발견되고, 사가 의례 관련 한글문헌은 선조가 남긴 문적들을 오랜 세월동안 지켜온 종가에서 많이 찾을 수 있었다.

조선 왕실의 유교 의례 즉 ‘오례’ 가운데 한글문헌은 왕실 구성원과 직접적으로 관계된 길례, 흉례, 가례에만 집중되어 있다. 길례 및 흉례와 관련된 자료는 왕의 사친이 돌아가신 뒤에 그 죽음을 애도하며 올리는 상·장례나 궁묘 제사를 거행할 때 제작한 것이 주목할 만하고, 가례와 관련된 자료는 순종이 왕세자 시절에 올린 관·혼례 및 탄일 연례 때 제작한 것과 대왕대비 신정왕후 조씨에게 존호를 올리는 존숭례때의 것이 많은 비중을 차지한다. 게다가 대한제국기에 제작된 한글문헌도 다수 현전하여 조선 왕실과 대한제국 황실의 의례뿐만 아니라 해당 문헌도 아울러 비교할 수 있었다.

사가의 유교의례 즉 ‘사례’와 관련된 한글문헌은 의례의 규정 및 절차를 한글로 번역한 서적과 의례를 준비하는 과정에서 제작한 단편적인 기록물로 구분된다. 서적으로는 주자의 『가례』를 한글로 풀이하여 목판으로 간행한 『가례언해』가 대표적이고, 이후 『상례언해』, 『상례초언해』, 『초종례요람』이 편찬되어 방각본이나 일제시기 연활자로 출판될 정도로 많은 사람들에게 읽혔다. 그리고 관·혼례를 치를 때 장만했던 의복을 비롯한 각종 혼수물품을 기록한 발기, 제례 준비를 위하여 선조의 기일과 제사 음식을 담는 제기의 명칭과 수량을 기록한 단편적인 자료들이 있다.

왕실과 사가에서 유교 의례를 거행하기 위해 제작한 한글문헌은 발기(件記)·단자(單子)·도식(圖式)·치부(置簿)·의주(儀註)·홀기(笏記)·책문(冊文)·제문(祭 文)·악장(樂章)·일기(日記)·등록(謄錄)·의궤(儀軌)·예서(禮書)로 구분할 수 있다. 각 문헌의 기록 방식은 이들 문헌이 실제로 이용되는 의례의 절차 단계와 연관이 깊다. 의례에 소용되는 각종 물품들을 마련하고 배설하는 ‘준비’ 단계에서는 발기, 단자, 도식, 치부를 제작하여 이용하였고, 참여자들이 지켜보는 가운데 엄숙하게 의식을 치르는 ‘본 의식’ 단계에서는 의주, 홀기, 책문, 제문, 악장이 쓰였다. 그리고 해당 의례가 끝난 ‘마무리’ 단계에서는 관련 자료들을 수합하거나 훗날의 참고 자료로 삼기 위해 일기, 등록, 의궤, 예서와 같은 종합적인 기록물을 제작하였다. 이처럼 각기 다른 목적으로 여러 유형의 문헌들이 제작되었으나, 그 내용을 살펴보면 음식과 의복 등에 관한 일이거나 여성을 대상으로 하는 의례로 편중되어 있다. 이는 의례서에서도 규정하고 있듯이 특정 영역에 한하여 왕실에서는 여관(女官), 사가에서는 주부(主婦)가 실무를 전담했으며 이들을 위해 주로 한글로 작성한 자료들을 제작하였음을 보여 준다.