남녀 청소년의 기질과 지각된 의사소통에 따른 우울과 불안 = Adolescents' depression and anxiety according to temperament and perceived parental communications style

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 청소년의 우울과 불안에 영향을 미치는 선천적인 요인으로 기질을, 환경적인 요인으로 부, 모 의사소통을 선정하여 각 변인과 성별의 차이를 알아보고, 성별, 기질, 부, 모 의사소통이 청소년의 우울과 불안에 미치는 효과와 각 변인 간의 상호작용을 파악하고자 한다.
이를 위해 서울특별시, 경기도 안양시, 시흥시, 충청북도 천안시에 소재하는 총 네 개 중학교의 2, 3학년 남녀 학생 550명을 대상으로 청소년의 기질, 부모-자녀간 의사소통 유형 척도, 아동용 우울 척도, 상태⋅특성 불안 검사를 포함한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그리고, 각 변인들 간의 관계를 알아보기 위해 상관분석, ANOVA, 군집분석, MANOVA를 실시하였다.
본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 일원변량분석 결과, 기질은 자극추구, 사회적 민감성에서는 여자 청소년이 남자 청소년에 비해 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났고, 위험회피와 인내력에서는 성별에 따른 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 청소년이 지각하는 부, 모 의사소통에서는 남자 청소년에 비해 여자 청소년이 모의 비난형 의사소통을 유의미하게 높게 지각하였다. 우울과 불안에서는 남자 청소년보다 여자 청소년이 유의미하게 높았다
둘째, 군집분석 결과, 기질은 사회적 민감성과 인내력이 평균보다 높고 자극추구와 위험회피가 평균보다 낮은 ‘적응 보호 집단’과 사회적 민감성과 인내력이 평균보다 낮고 자극추구와 위험회피 성향이 평균보다 높은 ‘적응 취약 집단’으로 구분되었다. 부의 의사소통 유형을 군집분석한 결과, 평가형, 혼란형, 비난형 점수가 평균보다 높고 회유형 점수가 평균보다 낮은 ‘역기능 집단’과 평가형, 혼란형, 비난형, 회유형 점수가 평균보다 조금 낮은 ‘비소통 집단’, 평가형, 혼란형, 비난형, 회유형 점수가 평균보다 조금 높은 ‘소극적 집단’, 평가형, 혼란형, 비난형 점수가 평균보다 낮고 회유형 점수가 평균보다 높은 ‘회유 집단’으로 구분되었다. 또한 모의 의사소통 유형 군집 역시 동일한 양상으로 구분되었다.
셋째, 중다변량분석 결과, 불안에 대한 성별의 주효과, 우울 및 불안에 대한 기질 군집의 주효과, 불안에 대한 모 의사소통 군집의 주효과가 유의미하였다.
넷째, 중다변량분석 결과, 우울에 대한 기질 군집과 부 의사소통 군집 간의 상호작용이 유의미하지는 않았으나, 일정한 경향성을 보였다. 즉, 사회적 민감성과 인내력 성향이 높은 청소년들은 부와의 의사소통에서 평가형, 혼란형, 비난형을 높게, 회유형을 낮게 지각해도 우울의 정도에 차이가 거의 없었으나, 자극추구와 위험회피 성향이 높은 청소년들이 부와의 의사소통에서 평가형, 혼란형, 비난형을 높게, 회유형을 낮게 지각하면 할수록 우울의 정도가 높아지는 경향성이 존재하였다.
이러한 결과는 청소년이 자신의 선천적 경향성인 기질의 특성을 이해하도록 돕고, 환경적 요인인 부, 모와의 의사소통 방식에서 변화를 모색하여 청소년의 우울, 불안의 치료 및 예방을 위한 개입에 기초 자료와 시사점을 제공하는데 있다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구의 제한점과 후속연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The primary purpose of this study is to examine gender differences as adolescent’ temperament and parent-child communication and to research the main effect and interaction effect of gender, temperament and parent-child communication on depression, anxiety.
A total of 550 middle school students from metropolitan area in Korea completed a questionnaire packet including the JTCI 12-18, Parent-child Communication Inventory, CDI and STAI. The data were analyzed Correlation Analysis, Analysis of Variance, Cluster Analysis, The result of Multiple Analysis of Variance. The result of this study were as follows.
First, The result of Analysis of Variance, Novelty Seeking and Reward Dependence showed significantly higher female than male but Harm Avoidance and Persistence of Temperament did not show a significant difference. Mother’s Blaming communication of parent-child communication perceived by adolescent showed significantly higher female than male. Depression and Anxiety showed significantly higher female than male.
Second, The result of Cluster Analysis, latent profiles of temperament, identified 2-class as the best fitting solution consisting of ‘the adjustment protection class’ that had high Reward Dependence and Persistence but low Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance, ‘the adjustment weakness class’ that had low Reward Dependence and Persistence but high Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance.
Latent profiles of father-child communication perceived by adolescent, identified 4-class as the best fitting solution consisting of ‘dysfunctional class’ whose computing, distracting, blaming score is higher and placating score is lower than average, ‘lack of communication class’ whose computing, distracting, blaming and placating score is a bit lower than average, ‘passive class’ whose computing, distracting, blaming and placating score is a bit higher than average, ‘placating class’ whose computing, distracting, blaming score is lower than average and placating score is higher than average. Latent profiles of mother-child communication perceived by adolescent were also shown.
Third, The result of Multiple Analysis of Variance, the main effect of gender on anxiety has a significance and the main effect of temperament class on depression and anxiety has a significance and the main effect of mother-child communication class on anxiety also has a significance.
Fourth, The result of Multiple Analysis of Variance, the interaction effect between temperament class and father-child communication class on depression has not a significance, but has a marginal figure. In other words, the higher degree of Reward Dependence and Persistence adolescent that showed little difference on depression by perceived high computing, distraction, blaming and low placating, the higher degree of Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance adolescent that has a marginal figure that higher depression by perceived higher computing, distraction, blaming and lower placating.
The purpose of this study may offer that helps as adolescent understands the temperament, seek for the change by the method of parent-child communication and that it provided the basic information for counseling, intervention for prevention on adolescent’s depression and anxiety. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed with some suggestions for further research.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 논문요약 ··················································································· ⅳ
• Ⅰ. 서 론 ····················································································· 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적·························································· 1
• 2. 용어의 정의 ············································································ 6
• 3. 이론적 배경 ············································································ 8
• 4. 연구문제················································································· 29
• Ⅱ. 연구방법 ·············································································· 30
• 1. 연구대상·················································································· 30
• 2. 측정도구·················································································· 30
• 3. 연구절차·················································································· 34
• 4. 분석방법·················································································· 35
• Ⅲ. 연구결과 ··············································································· 36
• 1. 연구변인에 대한 기술 통계치·············································· 36
• 2. 각 변인들 간의 상관관계 분석············································· 40
• 3. 각 변인들 간의 차이 및 효과 검증 ····································· 45
• Ⅳ. 논 의 ······················································································ 62
• 참 고 문 헌 ·················································································· 72
• 부 록 ····························································································· 85
• ABSTRACT ··············································································· 103