The present study aims at i) investigating to what extent children in their early childhood understand the feeling of loneliness; and ii) identifying the degree of loneliness early children perceive. In addition, this research explores whether socio-d...
The present study aims at i) investigating to what extent children in their early childhood understand the feeling of loneliness; and ii) identifying the degree of loneliness early children perceive. In addition, this research explores whether socio-demographic factors can potentially influence a child's loneliness, and attempts to examine the correlations between a child's loneliness and his/her self-esteem, peer competence and the rearing attitude of the mother. The research questions of the present study are:
1. To what extent do young children understand and perceive the feeling of loneliness?
2. Can socio-demographic factors (e.g., gender, number of siblings, mother's employment status, family income, family type etc.) influence the feeling of loneliness of young children?
3. What are the correlations between loneliness and self-esteem of young children?
4. What are the correlations between loneliness and peer competence of young children?
5. What are the correlations between a child's loneliness and his/her mother's rearing attitude?
To answer these questions, this study investigated 240 children: five-years of age at 7 kindergartens.
The research method employed in the present research include the following: i) Cassidy and Asher's (1992) survey questionnaire (designed to understand the feeling of loneliness of young children) was translated and given to the children in order to identify how much young children understand the feeling of loneliness; ii) Asher and Wheeler's (1985) Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire (LSDQ) tool (later revised and modified by Cassidy and Asher (1992)) was used so as to measure the degree of a child's loneliness; iii) Harter and Pike's (1984) self-esteem questionnaire (for 5-6 year old children) was translated, revised, and modified to measure the self-esteem level of children; iv) Park & Lee's (2001) peer competence questionnaire was chosen to identify children's peer competence; and v) Bae's (2004) rearing attitude questionnaire was distributed to mothers so as to gauge their rearing attitude (Schaefer's Maternal Behavior Research Instrument (MBRI) was adapted by Lee (1983), whose model was in turn revised and modified by Bae (2004)).
Additionally, for further in-depth analyses, this study referred to the statistical data of frequency, average, percentage, standard deviation and others to identify the general characteristics of the young children investigated. Frequency analysis was done to examine how much children understand and perceive feeling of loneliness; t-test and F-test were performed to verify what difference socio-demographical factors can bring to a child's feeling of loneliness; and Pearson's product moment correlation was conducted to examine the correlation between a child's loneliness and self-esteem, peer competence, and the mother's rearing attitude.
The main findings of this research are as follows.
First, the study was able to find that young children do have some level of understanding of loneliness. Many defined loneliness as 'being alone' or 'being sad'. In defining loneliness, they largely used expressions indicating either a deficiency in their social relations or some sort of negative sentiments. Slightly more children linked loneliness with deficiency in social relations rather than with negative sentiments; while some blamed both factors.
Causes or reasons behind loneliness originated from either i) social relations (primarily relations with friends, parents and siblings); or ii) emotional factors. Highest number of respondents pointed the finger at relations with friends as the cause of their loneliness, while only a limited number of children blamed their other relations or emotional factors. Meanwhile, some simply replied 'when I am alone', or 'because I am a loner', indicating a combination of poor social relations and bad emotions contributed.
As for ways to overcome loneliness, most children responded that they resort to their peer relations. Some replied that they 'need to be with their mom and dad, or they 'play with their siblings', and a few said they try to overcome loneliness by doing what they like to do as hobbies.
One thing to note is that a significant number of children that took part in the study reported experiencing a feeling of loneliness. To be more specific, more than 10% of the children said they suffer from some degree of loneliness in response to half or more of the questions that address loneliness directly or their degree of loneliness-related social discontent.
As for the second finding of this research, children's gender did suggest a meaningful difference in the degree of loneliness perceived by a child. Boys were found to perceive more loneliness than girls. However, household income, family type, number of siblings, and mother's employment status did not show a statistically significant correlation to a child's loneliness.
Third, a child's loneliness did show a correlation with his/her self-esteem. An evident correlation with a child's loneliness existed not only with the overall self-esteem level but also with the sub-areas of self-esteem. In detail, a child is more likely to suffer from loneliness if he/she is less confident in his/her cognitive abilities, peer acceptance, physical abilities, and mother acceptance. In particular, this research found that the lower one's peer acceptance-related self-esteem is, the more he/she is likely to be lonely.
Fourth, there was a negative correlation between a child's loneliness and his/her peer competence. Children that were more outgoing and sociable in their peer interaction demonstrated more pro-social behaviors, and proactively participated in positive peer activities. These children were found to be less lonely.
Fifth, some correlation were found between a child's loneliness and the mother's rearing attitude. Amongst different rearing attitudes of a mother (affectionate, rejective, autonomous and controlling), a 'controlling' attitude was found to have a positive correlation with a child's feeling of loneliness. That is, children with more controlling mothers indicated a tendency to be more lonely.