The theater plays in Korea in 1970s and 1980s were placed inside ‘the mechanism of intentional promotion and exclusion' because of the strong suppression of a political ideology, and the freedom of expression and acceptance was vested in a certain d...
The theater plays in Korea in 1970s and 1980s were placed inside ‘the mechanism of intentional promotion and exclusion' because of the strong suppression of a political ideology, and the freedom of expression and acceptance was vested in a certain direction of the reality. In particular, since the Jeong-hee Park's administration, ‘a nation' played an important rhetoric rule for political unification and effective dominance, and history was used selectively for the establishment of hegemony based on the members’ spontaneous agreement. Moreover, theater plays as one part of art were considered as a means to accomplish national policies and began to be managed actively by the government. Particularly, historical plays were strategically supported and fostered with National Theater of Korea in Jangchung-dong as its center. However, the effort to search for an identity through historical discourse under the political suppression gave the chance for plays with the materials of history to be used as the channel for the statement to and criticism on the society. Nevertheless, the historical plays in 1970s and 1980s, which showed a clear quantitative expansion since 1930s and were closely related to the political reality of the time, are still not investigated enough by academic circles.
So far, the studies into historical plays were focused on defining their concepts and denotation on the foundation of Lukacs's historical awareness. Yet, it can be problematic in that it can end as the matter of an individual researcher's arbitrary assessment of a value. Because it's difficult to consider a historical play as one genre of a certain aesthetic foundation, except for the fact that a historical play has facts as its material, in this thesis, a historical play was defined in terms of materials. In addition, with the respect to the point that history is also a kind of constructive product of discourse, it was focused on that the relationship between historical features and fabrication is variable. Therefore, when judging history, diverse strategies of discourse creating 'a fact effect', rather than whether it's true or not, were to be studied.
Culture is the battlefield of conflicting values where dominant values are delivered and resistant values challenge, and is located between the power of resistance and consolidation. The play circles in 1970s and 1980s also existed between resistance and obedience, confrontation and compromise, and this kind of tense relation is more clearly expressed through the historical plays at that time. Accordingly, in this thesis, the political and social background resulting in the historical theater plays of 1970s and 1980s was studied, the process of selecting and distorting particular materials was examined, and the correlation between these discourse characteristics and the formality of the plays were investigated in detail.
In Chapter Ⅱ, the historical plays which accepted the dominant discourse propagated by the government and regenerated it in an active way were discussed. The works of this case intended to highlight the sense of crisis for the first place by recalling the historical difficulties in the past. However, the emotion of regret in relation to the internal weakness which failed to confront against external dangers displayed the tendency to be directly connected to the unconditional desire of power. Also, what was pointed out as the reason for the disturbance and disunion of a community was those expressing their opinions inside it, who were described in the plays as the most serious enemies. They were the objects with whom reconciliation or reformation is impossible fundamentally, and only exclusion and extinction could generate wealth, power and prosperity. These historical plays rousing the dominant discourse of those times strongly were also on the common foundation in terms of a style. These were assuming the attitude of realism on the surface while using official historical records properly to appeal the actuality of historical facts. However, simultaneously, melodramatic elements were outstanding to appeal the message of the play to the audience more sensationally. In particular, the consistent features were to establish the symbol of a strong, historic male hero, and to secure enlightening morality in the distinct dichotomous structure of good and evil. The solemn conclusion of most plays granted a unique aura to the value that historical heroes tried to achieve, and accomplished sacred meaning in plays. And concentrating on securing vivid spectacle became the strategy to multiply sensational interest and to deliver the message of a play more appealingly.
In Chapter Ⅲ, the historical plays, in which between the historical fact and imaginative fabrication the area of the latter was much bigger, with so-called tales and unofficial history as their background were analyzed. They have been often ignored in the existing researches on historical plays, but there is enough room for investigating them in the field of history plays, not only in that historical time is presupposed in them but also in that they set the present position by abstracting particular values and ideology from the past. These works usually complain about the social system suppressing individuals, and at the same time, dream ideal freedom which cannot be achieved in the reality, while concentrating on dreamy and visionary features. Moreover, as the alternative for the modern society, they tried the restoration of traditional values. Because of this, their contents have the tendency to take the conflicting relation with the reality of the time to the other side. On the other hand, they are grounded on the romantic representation of facts, but drive main characters to accept their given fate as well as secure their background by combining folk elements such as entertainment or sacrificial rites. This can be evaluated positively as one of the trials to construct a play of a Korean style. Yet, the conscious or unconscious exclusion the practical meaning of tradition brought about the criticism that most of the plays simply reproduced the stuffed past through commonplace styles. Furthermore, it's also problematic that in the process of recreating the past values of loyalty, filial piety, perseverance and sacrifice, they displayed a close relation with the ideology distributed by the dominant discourse at that time for effective rule.
In Chapter Ⅳ, the plays which tended to deconstruct and re-arranged the network of meanings of the historical fact distributed by the dominant discourse were investigated. They mainly expressed the problems of the times indirectly and formed critical discourse through the doubt of the national authority itself. However, this kind of criticism inside the system sometimes paid more attention to the indirectness, and displayed the double aspects of being permeated into nihilism rather than trusting in the progress and innovation of history. In addition, they had the limit that they forced many and unspecified persons to feel guilty, blurred the clear responsibility of the oppressive reality, and caused the point of their criticism to become vague. They usually had the common foundation of formality of the destruction of realism, and displayed the tendency of epic, which was remarkable in the play circle of 1970s and 1980s. Especially, they avoided the development by a single storyline, and sometimes the historical consciousness connecting the past, the present and the future was revealed by arranging events crossing over different time and places as a montage. Moreover, they not only destructed dramatic fantasy actively by making various use of the narrative speaker with the viewpoint of the folk, but also tried to clearly deliver a writer's consciousness. These historical plays accord with rhetorical features in that they induce the audience's reasonable judgement of the reality by using different technical elements in addition to this.
Historical descriptions are the composition based on the history and analysis into the history with the features of particular values and ideals. The historical plays in 1970s and 1980s didn't hesitate to regenerate the implication of ‘meaningful past' and ‘selective tradition', reconstructed by the reality of political oppression', as theater plays. Yet, on the contrary, they showed the possibility that the present system could be fundamentally changed for the better through a new historical form, and that the chance for new future could be created. The historical theatre plays in 1970s and 1980s were groping for the very potential of new future through ‘the old teacher of history', based on the ground of formal experiment different from the previous time under the pressure of the reality.