The purpose of this study was to examine influential variables on climacteric women's meaning of life.
The meaning of life refers to one's purpose of life or of being and is one of primary life attitude to affect physical and mental health. Climacter...
The purpose of this study was to examine influential variables on climacteric women's meaning of life.
The meaning of life refers to one's purpose of life or of being and is one of primary life attitude to affect physical and mental health. Climacteric women suffer depression due to menopause, physical aging and a loss of roles, and that is likely to lead to another loss of the meaning of life and impact on physical and mental health. As one's health status in the menopause exerts an influence on her health in old age, it's very important to find a meaning in life in that period. Therefore it's meant in this study to analyze variables affecting climacteric women's meaning of life in a bid to provide some information on welfare policy setting geared toward those women.
Three kinds of variables were selected in this study: independent, dependent and moderating variables. The independent variables included demographic characteristics, menopausal symptoms and attitude toward climacteric developmental changes, and the dependent variable was the meaning of life. The moderating variables involved self-esteem, social support and mental health.
Three hypotheses were formulated to identify variables affecting the climacteric women's meaning of life:
1. The demographic characteristics of climacteric women might exert an influence on their meaning of life.
2. Climacteric women's menopausal symptoms, attitude toward climacteric developmental changes and their moderating variables involving self-esteem, social support and mental health might exert an influence on their meaning of life.
3. Climacteric women's menopausal symptoms and attitude toward climacteric developmental changes might exert an influence on their meaning of life through self-esteem, social support and mental health.
The subjects in this study were climacteric women in several regions including the cities of D and C. After a survey was conducted during a six-month period from March to September, 2009, the complete answer sheets from 414 respondents were analyzed. A SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) Ver. 12.0 program was utilized to make a frequency analysis to find out the demographic characteristics of the respondents, and factor analysis and reliability analysis were carried out to verify the validity and reliability of the instrument.
To figure out the impact of their demographic characteristics on the meaning of life, t-test and ANOVA were utilized, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the impact of the independent variables on the meaning of life. Besides, a structural equation model was employed by using AMOS to make a path analysis.
The findings of the study were as follows:
First, as for the general characteristics of the respondents including age, the climacteric women aged between 46 and 50 made up the greatest age group. By education, the largest number of them were high-school graduates (44.4%). By occupation, 37.68 percent had no job. By religion, the Christians made up the biggest religious group, and 65.22 percent pointed out their spouses as ones whom they could count on the most.
Concerning the menopause involving the age of menarche, the age of menopause and the age for the removal of the womb, 64.65 percent, the largest group, started to have the menses when they were 15 to 18 years old, and 66 percent, the biggest group, stopped it at the age of 50 to 55. 54.29 percent had their womb removed when they were 45 to 50 years old, after which they were soon going to go through their menopause.
In regard to their ideas about menopause, 38.15 percent had no particular feelings about that since nobody could avoid it. 34.78 percent felt sad because they feared that it might make them sick. 27.5 percent felt free, easy and mature. Thus, many took a dim view of the menopause.
As to the use of a menopause-related hormone drug, 82.37 percent didn't take it. Concerning their opinions about that, 60 percent didn't hear about that at all or didn't take it due to possible side effects. 53.76 percent underwent a depression symptom before and after going through their menopause, and 7.89 percent suffered serious depression.
As for life satisfaction and prospect for life in old age, 54.11 percent expressed a moderate level of satisfaction at their lives and had moderate level of expectations for life in old age. In relation to welfare policy for middle-aged women, 36.96 percent wanted to get a health checkup as one of welfare benefits, and 30.19 percent hoped to have a chance to receive lifelong education to seek after self-actualization.
Second, regarding Hypothesis 1 about the influence of the demographic characteristics including occupation on the meaning of life, the professionals found more meaning in their lives. By religion, the Christians found the most meaning in their lives, followed by the Catholics, unreligious respondents and Buddhists. By marital status, the married women found more meaning in their lives, and by living standard, those whose living standard was higher found more meaning in their lives.
Third, concerning Hypothesis 2 about the influence of climacteric symptoms and idea of life on the meaning of life, climacteric symptoms and attitude to climacteric developmental changes had a negative impact on the meaning of life, and self-esteem, social support and mental health exercised appositive influence on that, since higher self-esteem scores, higher social support scores and lower mental health scores led to a better meaning of life.
Fourth, as for the impact of menopausal symptoms and attitude to climacteric developmental changes, a structural equation model was utilized to figure out each factor's path coefficient, and it's found that attitude toward climacteric developmental changes had a positive correlation to menopausal symptoms and made a 3% prediction. The meaning of life was positively affected by self-esteem and social support and negatively by meno