태권도의 올림픽 영구종목 채택을 위한 심판의 역할 연구 = A Study of Referee`s role for maintaining Taekwondo as an official Olympic Sport|RISS 상세보기

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

<국문요약>

태권도의 올림픽 영구종목 채택을 위한 심판의 역할 연구

우석대학교 대학원
체육학과 박현섭

본 연구는 국제대회에서 다년간 활동하고 있는 태권도 심판들을 대상으로 태권도가 올림픽 영구종목으로 채택되기 위해 심판의 역할을 연구하고 그 방향을 제시하는 것에 목적을 두고 있다.
심판의 역할 연구를 위해 연구대상은 2008베이징 올림픽 및 US오픈 대회 등에서 활동한 국제심판을 전 세계에서 무작위로 선발하여 전화통화 후 29명에게 설문지를 이메일을 통해 배포했으며, 그중 성실히 답변을 해준 15명의 국제심판을 대상으로 본 연구를 진행하였다. 설문지는 영문으로 번역하여 진행하였으며, 전문가의 조언을 토대로 국제심판들의 설문내용을 근거이론 자료추출법으로 분석하였다.
자료의 검증은 질적 연구에서 사용하는 타당적 준거의 내용을 따랐다. 다각적 접근법, 전문가들과의 협의, 연구 참여자에 의한 연구 결과 평가 작업을 통해 자료의 타당도를 높였다.
본 연구에서 제시된 연구문제에 대한 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다.

1) 심판판정의 공정성 및 정확성에 관한 역할 및 개선점
① 심판들의 지속적인 인성교육 및 대회 규칙과 규정을 완벽하게 소화하기 위 한 연습과 노력이 필요
② 심판 직무 수행 시 집중력과 통찰력이 중요
③ 공정성 향상을 위해 세미나 참석을 통한 경험공유, 새로운 규칙에 대한
교육 및 연습 필요
④ 선수들에게 집중하며, 종교적 선입견을 배제
⑤ 국제심판의 상임이사제도 도입 및 운영, 심판의 외압 없는 독립이며 가장 중요한 것은 심판의 양심과 믿음이라고 사료된다.

2) 경기중 심판직무 수행 시 역할 및 개선점
① 경기규칙의 모호함으로 오심을 하는 경우가 있음
② 손기술을 발휘 했을 경우 정확한 판단이 어려우며, 경기장의 사각지대의 판정, 짧은 시간에 판단도 어려워, 판정을 회피하는 사례가 있음
③ 경기 규칙의 무지보다는 심판들의 오역으로 인한 불공정한 판정
개선점 : 판정의 견해차가 생길 경우 중재 절차에 대한 이해 부족, 심판의 오 심에 대한 대처 부족, 코치와 심판들의 서로 다른 의사전달에 대한 정확한 교육, 슬로우 모션 영상을 통한 중재 등으로 개선할 수 있다고 사료된다.

3) 국제 심판 재교육의 역할과 개선점
① 국제심판교육의 질보다 양이 우선하는 점이 큰 문제점
② 세미나 횟수 부족, 언어의 문제점, 각 국가 협회의 지원 부족
개선점 : 심판 고가점수제 도입, 충분한 세미나 및 사례교육을 통한 오심 방 지, 각 대회 시 사전에 모여 미팅을 통한 의견조율 및 세미나를 가져 대회 마다 판정시비를 최소화 하여야 한다.

4) 경기규칙 관련 심판의 역할 및 개선방안
득점판정 시 오심이 생기는 경우가 많다고 나타났다. 태권도는 단체 경기가 아닌 개인 종목으로 심판의 사례교육 및 경기 전 사전 미팅을 통해 자신감을 주고 대회의 심판으로 충실해야 한다.

5) 심판판정 개선요소
판정 장애요소는 광범위한 곳에서 행하여지고 있다. 심판 본연의 임무이외에도 제도적인 뒷받침 없이는 해결 될 수 없는 부분이 많은 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 정확하지 않은 해석으로 인한 한국 심판과 외국 심판들 간의 불투명한 의사소통도 문제점으로 나타났다.

6) 금전적 유혹에 대한 심판의 역할
심판은 금전거래가 아닌 인간적인 호소 및 인맥을 통한 부탁 등에서 자유로울 수 없는 직업이라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 외로운 길이라 할 수 있지만 본인 스스로의 컨트롤을 통해 심판의 권위와 자부심을 키워가는 것이 현명한 방법 중 하나일 것이다.

7) 심판의 미래 역할
심판은 개인의 권위와 도덕성 확보를 통해 심판의 가치를 창조해 나아가야 한다. 심판은 항상 지도자와 선수에게 감사와 존경의 자세로 대하며, 태권도를 사랑하고 자신감을 가지고 심판직무 수행을 해야 한다.

위의 결과를 토대로 태권도가 올림픽에서 영구종목으로 나아가기 위해서 심판의 역할이 중요하며 개선해야 할 점이 많다는 것을 알 수 있다. 국내시각에서 벗어나 세계인의 시각에서 태권도를 바라보고 열린 마음으로 태권도가 가지고 있는 문제점에 대하여 논하고 개선방안을 수립하여 차근히 준비한다면 전 세계인이 가장 사랑하는 무도의 하나로 태권도가 올림픽에서 제외되는 염려를 하지 않은 날이 올 것이라고 사료된다.

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<국문요약> 태권도의 올림픽 영구종목 채택을 위Ȣ...

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

<Abstract>

A study of Referee's role for maintaining Taekwondo
as an official Olympic Sport

Park Hyun-sub
Department of physical Education
Graduate School
Woo-suk University

The purpose of this thesis is to study the role of referee for Taekwondo to be designated as official Olympic sports and suggest the development direction for the international referees. In order to study the role of referee, a number of international referees participated into the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and US Open Championship were selected randomly and gave a phone call to them. Then, the questionnaires were circulated to 29 of them by e-mail. The study was conducted based on 15 questionnaires which were made out sincerely. The questionnaires were translated in English and they were prepared based on professional advice from World Taegwondo Federation (WTF) Secretary General Yang Jin Seok, Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) Researcher Choi Chi Seon, Chungcheong University Professor Kim Bong Hwan, and Professor Kim Yeong Deok, etc. The analysis and study were conducted using the data sampling method based on the content of survey data by the international referees participated into the survey. For the data verification, the reasonable criteria were adopted. In order to increase the validity of data, multilateral approach method, consultation with experts and evaluation of the study results were carried out.
The summary of conclusion regarding the issue suggested by study is as follows.

1. Role of referees and remedial measures for the fairness & accuracy of judgment

1) Problems and remedial measures for biased judging
The biased judging was caused by the personal relationship with the player, application of different rules and regulations by the referee, physical limitation of referee, different judgment for the similar situation and lack of awareness on players weight class, etc. Therefore, it is required that referees should receive personality training continuously, make an effort to master game rule and regulations completely and improve the ability of concentration and keen insight.

2) Role of referees to improve the fairness of judgment
According to the analysis, the fairness of judgment was increased by various efforts such as participating into seminars, sharing experience with other referees, education and practice for new rules, observing the WTF rules, ruling out religious background, concentrating on the player and game, securing objectiveness by excluding personal ideas, adopting senior referee system of international referees, independence from the Taekwondo association of referee？s country, studying on actual cases and fair allocation of referees in case of WTF championship, etc.

2. Role of referees and remedial measures for the judgment made during the game

1) Exemplary case and remedial measures for the unfair judgment made due to game rules
According to the analysis, the unfair judgments were made due to obscure application scope of game rules, different opinions on warning and score deduction,
avoidance of accurate judgment on hand techniques as the players using more leg techniques than other techniques at a critical moment in deciding outcome of the game, and difficulties to judge in a short time in case of face attack at a blind spot of the ground, etc. Unfair judgments were made due to misunderstandings than lack of knowledge on the game rules.

2) Reasons of big opinion gaps between referee and coach and remedial measures for this problem.
Opinion gaps between referee and coach were caused by inaccurate game rules, application of different standards for the rules and regulations, lack of understanding on arbitration process, lack of skills handling a wrong refereeing decision, and opinion gaps for the score acquired at the blind spot, etc. Following remedial measures are suggested; establishment of more accurate and clear game rules, operation of various seminars and programs to minimize the opinion gaps, educating trainers regarding regulations applied if they don？t observe the order and arbitration, education on communication skills, arbitration using slow motion video and wearing an electronic protectors, etc.

3. Roles and remedial measures for re-education of international referees

1) Problems and remedial measures of international referee training system
According to the analysis, there were problems in international referee training and fostering system such as focusing more on quantity than quality of international referee education, lack of seminar education, necessity of senior referee system by the referee committee, lack of ability in communicating in English, and lack of support by the Taekwondo association of each country, etc. There are remedial measures such as introducing performance evaluation system for the international referees to encourage continuous efforts, quality improvement by adopting the senior referee system, strengthening foreign language qualification and broaden experiences of participating into international games, etc.

2) Re-education of international referees by the nation for more accurate judgment
According to the analysis, there were problems in international referee re-education such as over-issuance of international referee license, lack of education for referees who do not work as a referee, lack of systematic and unified education programs, and lack of international educational institution to foster the international referee, lack of international exchanges between referees to acquire new rules and regulations and lack of communication between referees as the number of international referees were very small, etc. There are remedial measures for re-education of international referees to improve fairness of judgment such as thorough re-education for the persons who have the international referee license and make them study based on actual case study and research, reducing judgment controversies by having seminars or discussion before games, managing international referees through re-education to broaden knowledge and experience, and supplying recent educational materials including DVDs, etc.

4. Roles of international referees and remedial measures related to game rules

1) Problems and remedial measures in granting scores
According to the analysis, problems in granting scores were cause by different score judgment standards by the referee, fears for the score judgment, lack of concentration, disagreement between referees, wrong allocation of scores to the player who does not earn scores, blind spot of the ground and lack of confidence of referees, etc. There are remedial measures such as education and management through the senior referee system, use of referees who have enough experiences, allocating enough referees, wearing the electronic protector, changing the location of the referee, and introduction of slow motion reading system, etc.
2) Problems and remedial measures for decision of superiority
According to the analysis, there were problems for decision of superiority such as obscure decision criteria, lack of understanding on decision of superiority, fail to applying rule no. 4 regarding decision of superiority and subject judgment by the referee, etc. There are remedial measures such as reorganizing the criteria for the decision of superiority, observing the decision procedures in accordance with the referee regulation book, making a report on decision of superiority after the match, research on the decision of superiority based on records and player movement analysis before the sudden death, etc.

3) Problems and remedial measures for decision of warning
According to the analysis, there were problems for decision of warning such as inconsistent decision results, application of different criteria by the match, lack of referee？s confidence, lack of independency and difficulties in telling the intended action of the players, etc. There are remedial measures such as paying more attention to personal development, making more efforts, increasing understanding on regulations and rules, providing quality training and education, and unifying the criteria so that referees make a same decision in a similar situation.

5. Matters to be improved for the referee？s judgment

1) Obstacles and remedial measures in improving referee？s judgment
According to the analysis, there were obstacles for judgment such as too much interference of the superiors, lack of annual meeting, seminars and group discussion, frequent replacement of the referee committee, frequent changes of game rules, different nationality of referees, racial discrimination, lack of experience, lack of verbal communication and lack of English proficiency, etc. To summarize, the obstacles are various and numerous. It seems that many of them requiring a systematic support for improvement.
2) Obstacles and remedial measures for use of Korean words for game rules
There were several problems in using Korean words for game rules as foreign referees make different judgment from Korean referees due to inaccurate interpretation of the Korean game rules and more accurate interpretation is required since too many interpreters are used for the referee education by the WTF. Also, many people said that there are too many wrong interpretations in the Korean-English Regulation Book. Therefore, it is required to revise the translation of the regulation books and increase understanding on accurate game rules.

6. Role of referee against the bribe

1) Exemplary case and remedial measures for match fixing by the bribe
One of the respondents said when he worked as a referee for a European Taekwondo Championship; a coach approached him and asked in a loud voice, "Please help our team". And the respondent said that he answered back, "Don？t ask me such thing ever again; referees should be fair for both players."Like this case, the referee is an occupation that cannot be free from the personal request or appeal using personal connections although it is nothing to do with the bribery. It is a lonely occupation; however, it would be wise to increase referee？s authority and pride by self-control.

7. Role of referee in the future

1) Securing morality and authority of referee
In order to secure the morality and authority of referee, it is required to treat the referee with exceptional respect, strengthen quality education, manage international referees thoroughly, operate the performance evaluation system and operate quality seminars continuously, etc. Also, the referees are needed to train sense of fairness and equality, enjoy their job and be able to control any situation that can be
happened during the match.

2) Value creation by the referee
At the point of referee？s view, the value creation means referee？s continuous efforts for fair judgment with an attitude of investing in the future and referee association？s support. In order to create the value, it is required to prepare systematic and environmental devices also referees are needed to show respect for the coaches and players and takes pride in their occupation. The role of referee is substantial for Taekwondo to be designated as Olympic sports. I think that we don？t have to worry about Taekwondo？s future of being excluded from the Olympic game if we discuss the current problems with an open ？ minded thought and prepare remedial measures step by step.

I hope that my study can contribute to establishing strategies for Taekwondo to be designated as Olympic sports. However, there were certain limitation of my study and I would like to suggest the follow-up study as follows.

First of all, as the limited variables were selected, the selected model might not be optimal. Therefore, if a follow-up study considering additional variables is carried out, it will be more valuable research.

Secondly, although the study was performed based on profound analysis, it lacks objectivity since the survey was not conducted for majority respondents. Therefore, I expect that more substantial study regarding majority numbers of international referees based on more accurate survey material will be carried out in the future.

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목차 (Table of Contents)

목 차
<국문요약> v
1. 서론 1

목 차
<국문요약> v
1. 서론 1
1. 연구의 필요성 1
2. 연구의 목적 4
3. 연구의 문제 5
4. 연구의 제한점 6
5. 용어의 정의 6
II. 이론적 배경 8
1. 태권도의 개념과 경기 역사 8
1) 태권도의 개념 8
2) 태권도 경기 역사 9
2. 심판의 기능 14
3. 심판의 역할 및 특성 17
4. 태권도 심판의 기능 및 행동 역할 19
5. 심판의 공정성과 태권도 심판판정의 문제점 22
1) 심판의 공정성 22
2) 태권도 경기규칙의 변천 24
3) 현행 태권도 경기의 득점제도 27
4) 현행 태권도 경기의 득점제도에 대한 문제점 29
6. 심판의 태권도 경기 운영상의 문제점 30
1) 경기기술의 단순성과 규칙의 문제점 30
2) 심판 판정과 채점 방법의 문제 32
7. 심판의 윤리 33
1) 태권도 심판의 개인적 윤리 33
2) 태권도 지도자와 윤리 37
Ⅲ. 연구방법 41
1. 연구 참여자 41
2. 자료수집 방법 및 기간 43
3. 자료 분석 방법 45
4. 연구의 타당성 및 신뢰성 46
5. 연구의 윤리성 47
Ⅳ. 태권도의 올림픽 영구종목 채택을 위한 심판의 역할 48
1. 심판 판정의 공정성 및 정확성에 관한 역할 및 개선점 48
1) 심판 판정시 선입견에 관한 문제점 및 개선방안 48
2) 심판 판정의 공정성 향상을 위한 심판의 역할 51
2. 경기중 심판 판정시 역할 및 개선점 55
1) 경기규칙으로 인한 불공정한 판정사례 및 개선방안 55
2) 심판 판정시 지도자와의 판정 견해차가 큰 이유 및 개선방안 59
3. 국제심판 재교육의 역할 및 개선점 63
1) 국제심판 양성제도의 문제점 및 개선방안 63
2) 판정 개선을 위한 각 나라별 국제심판 재교육 방안 66
4. 경기규칙 관련 심판의 역할 및 개선점 70
1) 득점판정시 심판의 문제점 및 개선방안 70
2) 우세판정시 심판의 문제점 및 개선방안 74
3) 경고, 감점 판정시 심판의 문제점 및 개선방안 77
5. 심판 판정 개선 요소 80
1) 판정 개선의 장애요인 및 개선방안 80
2) 한국어 경기규칙 용어로 인한 장애요인 및 개선방안 83
6. 금전의 유혹에 대한 심판의 역할 85
1) 뇌물수수에 의한 승부조작 유혹사례 및 개선방안 85
7. 심판의 미래 역할 87
1) 심판의 권위와 도덕성 확보 87
2) 심판의 가치 창조 89
Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 92
1. 결론 92
2. 제언 99
참고문헌 101
Abstract 107
부록1:연구동의서 114
부록2:면담지표 115

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태권도의 올림픽 영구종목 채택을 위한 심판의 역할 연구 = A Study of Referee`s role for maintaining Taekwondo as an official Olympic Sport

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