백제 태안마애삼존불상 도상 연구 = A Study on Taean Rock-carved Buddha Triad Image in the Period of the Baekje Dynasty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The biggest characteristic of the Taean Rock？]carved Buddha Triad Image is that it is a triad consisting of two Buddhas and one Bodhisattva in the middle. This composition of Buddha triad, which has been discussed intensively in the academic circle, is the only case in the region of Buddhism. Because it is an unprecedented case, the biggest issue is the name of each sacred image. It is controversial whether each of the three images can be named separately or it is possible to apply the concept of dyad Buddha of past and present or triad Buddha of past, present and future. The biggest disagreement among the scholars is in the Buddha on the left side (facing right). When the image is called Medicine Buddha on the assumption that the object held by the Buddha is s a medical bowl, the triad can be considered three independent beings, but because the granite has worn out severely and the shape of the object is ambiguous, it is hard to figure out what it is. Furthermore, because there was no case of Medicine Triad in China during the 6th century, the possibility that this image is the first Medicine Buddha in Korea is low.
In addition, assuming that the triad is the three Buddhas of past, present and future and the image in the middle is Maitreya Bodhisattva, the form of Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva is likely to play the role of the leading Bodhisattva, but Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva as Maitreya Bodhisattva is not much persuasive because the icon of Maitreya Bodhisattva in the age of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China had already standardized into a crossed？]leg sitting or meditating posture. In this way, calling Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva Maitreya Bodhisattva may have a problem in iconographic interpretation. In particular, it is believed necessary to explain the other roles of the same icon as Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva flanking on the right side in the nearly Seosan Rock？]Carved Buddha Triad Image. As examined above, Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva is likely to be called Avalokitesvara based on the genealogy and records of icons.
It is questionable that, while images of Buddha triad of past, present and future were not created commonly in China in the 6th century, the concept of Buddha triad of past, present and future was understood in the period of the Baekje Dynasty. For the Taean Rock？]carved Buddha Triad Image, it is important to analyze its form as a special type of triad deviating from the hierarchy of ordinary triads but, at the same time, it is necessary to give comprehensive consideration to religion in those days. The construction of a triad within a niche confines the role of the triad, and this is believed to reflect people？fs belief and religious doctrines in those days and, furthermore, the triad image in Taean is considered to show such an aspect of Baekje Buddhism.
Although historical records on Baekje Buddhism are not many, they mention that Baekje understood and followed Lotus Sutra. Based on the images of Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva and Baekje people？fs belief in Avalokitesvara, it is highly likely that Avalokitesvara Bomunpum was a representative scripture for belief in Avalokitesvara and the base sutra for the creation of the Taean Rock？]carved Buddha Triad Image. The Present？]Past Buddha in Lotus Sutra is represented by Shakyamuni Buddha and Many？]Treasured Buddha, and represents the idea of dyad Buddha in Lotus Sutra like dyad Buddhas sitting together in Gyeonbotappum. Many？]Treasured Buddha is Past Buddha revealed by Shakyamuni Buddha in his sermon, and its basic idea expresses eternal living Buddha. It is considered likely that the motive of Past Buddha might be described as seated Buddha in Gyeonbotappum or as standing Buddha in other sutras such as Bomunpum. Seated Buddha suggests preaching strongly, and standing Buddha is a symbol of approaching relieving people, emphasizing practicing and doing of Mahayana Buddhism together with Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva.
In addition, the medallion carried by Avalokitesvara means listening to prayers and relief from disasters as preached in Daejidoron, and is identified with Buddha？fs sarira. In the scene recorded in Gandhara sutra that after the cremation of Buddha his sarira was collected and dedicated in the stupa, the hand sign holding the round sarira made by putting the hands in the breast is believed to be the origin of the form of Medallion Dedicating Bodhisattva. It is likely that the form of dedicating a precious thing in ancient India was transmitted to China as a form of bodhisattva holding an object in hand. As preached in Lotus Sutra, receiving a medallion offered by Inexhaustible Intent Bodhisattva, Avalokitesvara divided the medallion into two and offered a half to Shakyamuni Buddha and kept the other in order to dedicate it to Many？]Treasured Buddha. This is a pray that all living beings would be enter Nirvana, and such a content of the sutra is believed to have contributed to the formation of the icon of Many？]Treasured Buddha？]Avalokitesvara？]Shakyamuni, in which Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva stands in the middle, in Baekje.
The Taean Peninsula, surrounded by the sea in three sides, was an advance base of marine activities and people in this area was exposed frequently to extreme natural disasters as well as pirates from China and Japan. As a result, belief in Avalokitesvara was strong as a relief from such threats from the sea. The Taean Rock？]carved Buddha Triad Image strongly suggests the locality and conservatism of Baekje. From the Taean Rock？]carved Buddha Triad Image, we may infer an aspect of belief in Avalokitesvara in Baekje who opened its way out through the sea because the land route was blocked by Koguryo. Although there are few records showing religious ideas in those days or comparable icons, the Taean Rock？]carved Buddha Triad Image is meaningful in that it provides clues to part of Lotus Sutra Buddhism popular in the Baekje Dynasty 1400 years ago through its elaborate sculpturing technique and triad composition.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ？T. 머리말 = 1
• ？U.？w법화경？x과 불교미술 = 3
• 1.？w법화경？x과 불교미술적 관점 = 3
• 2. 불신관 = 11
• ？V. 백제의 불교와 불교미술 = 18
• 1. 백제시대 불교 = 18
• 2. 삼국시대 삼존불 = 22
• ？W. 태안마애삼존불상 형식과 도상 해석 = 28
• 1. 형식 = 28
• 2. 도상해석 = 33
• ？X. 태안마애삼존불 도상의 미술사적 의의 = 51
• ？Y. 맺음말 = 55
• ？y참고문헌？z = 59
• ？yABSTRACT？z = 64
• ？y삽도목록？z = 69
• ？y도판목록？z = 70
• ？y도 판？z = 74