This study begins with moving the focus away from attributing problems to the remarried family toward the very female subject that ended the previous unsatisfactory marriage life and, willingly, takes new relationships into consideration, in the conte...
This study begins with moving the focus away from attributing problems to the remarried family toward the very female subject that ended the previous unsatisfactory marriage life and, willingly, takes new relationships into consideration, in the context of highly increasing women’s remarriage rate in the contemporary Korean society. The aim of this study is to analyze the meanings that marriage of women construct in the process of forming remarried relationships.
The current marriage is generally considered not as arranged or forced by others but as chosen on one’s own; the choices, however, are still limited within socio-structural conditions individuals involved, given that a marriage is a social system associated with law, customs, and other principles in society. Most of remarriages are followed by a conscious act of divorce and tend to get influenced in attitudes to the present relationships by the former marriage and divorce, in that what the remarried women ascribe problems occurring in remarriage to. Therefore, a big or small decisions for remarriage are made by complex variables including the previous experiences of their first marriage and divorce and even their real life situation after divorce.
The previous research on remarriage, nevertheless, has limited the issue to the inner side of reconstituted families, without considering the real facts of remarried women’s life and their former experiences and agency; besides, they failed to explain why the women individuals who already had ever gone through the patriarchal relationships in their first marriage decided to marry again and what kind of relationships they hope to build. This could be explained from the women’s perspective based on the feminism seeing marriage as a suppression system of women.
Within the women’s socio-structural conditions in the patriarchal society, accordingly, this study analyzes their background contexts to go into the remarriage relationship and thoughts on it, the characteristics of the remarried relationships women construct, and the meanings of their cumulative experiences of marriage, throughout the multi-layered life processes of marriage, divorce, and remarriage. For this, in-depth interviews with the 15 remarried females respectively, in the age of between 30s and 40s from small Jeonnam cities, were conducted 2005 July to 2008 August, along with pre- and supplementary interviews with other participants.
The main findings of this study are summarized as follow: (1) Two extreme ends of force spectrum, the force pushing the divorced women out of a divorcee's unfavorable status and that of attracting them to remarriage, work on the remarried women. After divorce, they suffer from social and financial problems, i.e., double burden of making a living and childcare work; men’s prejudice and unpleasant attitudes classifying divorcees as ‘unoccupied women,’ pressure from their original families considering marriage as an obligation, and assigning responsibility of caring children to females, all of which, consequently, push divorcee to remarry. The desire of intimacy and longings for ‘normal family’ are other factors leading divorcee to remarriage. That is, women’s remarriage can be attributed to both positive and negative variables.
(2) Many of women construct their remarried relationships based on their own resource and interpretation on the divorce experience, and their expectation for remarriage. Among them, some who are able to reflect on divorce in terms of relationship would manage to make a qualitative change not to repeat the same mistakes as in the former marriage; one the other hand, others who only see divorce as a broken form of relationship would make a desperate effort to sustain their remarried relationship anyway. By the same token, the former could have more flexible and wider negotiability than the latter.
Thus, women’s remarriage relationships are divided into five phases, according to the degree of accepting and negating the values of modern marriage and patrilineal familism: adaptation, conflict, transformation, severance, and dissolution. As for the phase of adaptation, having financial difficulties after divorce, women expect to be a housewife that only works on the conventional role and instead gets supported by men through second marriage. In the case of conflict, even though some women longing for a normal nuclear family have a problem of their and step children, the need to care children and an awareness of economic vulnerability make them stay in remarriage. Women in the transformation phase, tired of the economically weaker status of their original family than that of the men’s family, and men’s authoritarian attitude arising from men's success at work, try to keep earning money to be economically independent from men even after their second marriage, acquire a very strong responsibility to their children, have close matrilineal relationships, or voluntarily get involved with their husband’s family in reward for their husbands’ favorable attitude to their parents.
Women in severance, rather laying weight on the value of understanding and communication between couples than just blindly enduring the relationship in marriage, would hardly take patience to undesirable treatment but pay more attention to their own desire in their remarriage and decide not to adjust but to end the kin relationships harmful to their marriage. In a dissolving situation, when a divorced woman's remarriage with a man in his first marriage fail to register their marriage because of unwelcoming men's family members, their kin relationships tend to be severed involuntarily. Women define their marriage relationship as difference, not deficiency, so that they could formulate more flexible marriage relationships with their husband, irrespective of gender roles as well as a social system.
(3) In terms of realizing a value women pursue and ruling out suppression and subordination, women’s remarriage means more independence and subjectivity sometimes, but not always do so. Some women unable to ‘depend’ on their ex-husbands, although they wanted to, unwillingly maintain their second marriage, despite more suppressive relationship than that in their first marriage. In addition, in the case the remarried couple have children from their former marriages and the anticipation of forming a ‘normal family,’ they notice discrepancies between an ideal modern nuclear family or an intimate and resource-sharing relationship, and the reality dividing children into each side of the couple, to which the hierarchial relationship is added based on the gender division of labor. Remarriage, on the other hand, is the life of practicing women’s ‘autonomy and independence’ in a remarriage relationship, an opportunity to build more couple-centered partnership free from generational conflict, and, furthermore, a changing process with the ideal set of relationship unrestricted by a social system.
As such, this study discusses a variety of relationships in (re)marriage and meanings of women’s marriage, depending on the subject’s agency, their aim of life and socio-structural conditions, which shows diversities not only among women but even within an individual’s life, as women experience more than one marriage in their life. By doing so, the study not only attempts to go beyond the limits that the previous research approached to marriage only in an abstract and superficial way or narrowly covered each event or individual, but also points out that Korean researches fell short of articulating the process and reality of women’s remarriage reflecting a new phenomenon of women’s multiple needs and agencies. Also, this study asks for the shift of perspective on remarriage. That is, remarriage should be less an epicenter of social problems than a route to detect qualitative changes of marriage and families, for considering remarriage as a problematic unit of family only brings to a conclusion of women’s adaptation to patriarchal marriage. Therefore, in a various range of conflicting conditions and processes, it should be asked specifically by what and from where patriarchal family construction and maintenance principles are challenged.