The purpose of this study is to find the possibility of a new unification discourse by looking at the unification movements in the current Korean society and examining the unification discussions non-government of civil society organizations. While go...
The purpose of this study is to find the possibility of a new unification discourse by looking at the unification movements in the current Korean society and examining the unification discussions non-government of civil society organizations. While going through the Kwangju Massacre of 1980 and the Civil Uprising of 1987, Korean civil society organizations created a base of unification discourse and began to actively engage in unification movements in conflict with the logic of national security which dominated Korean society in those years. They escaped from authoritarian regimes’ exclusive discussion regarding unification and played a role in creating a pro-unification environment, including an attempt to improve the relationship between South and North Korea. Those unification movements of civil society organizations contributed to the holding of two inter-Korean summits (on June 15, 2000 and October 4, 2007) and thus created a favorable unification environment where two Koreas seek to avoid conflict and tension and take a significant step towards an era of reconciliation and cooperation.
Consequently, their unification movements made great progress both in qualitative and quantitative ways during Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations. Despite their short history in South Korea, the civil society organizations emerge as a substantial player in inter-Korean relations by engaging deeply in the fields difficult for the government or nation to manage, forming cooperative and competitive relationships with the government.
In the last years, however, six-party talks have been stalled as some neighboring countries including the United States have been pursuing a hostile policy towards North Korea, with concern about its nuclearization and human rights abuses. In South Korea, criticism is raised over the so-called "all-carrots" and "low-profile" approaches to North Korea and with the "South-South conflict" deepened, changes in the political environment after the turnover of power lead to a drastic paradigm shift regarding the unification policy. An atmosphere of reconciliation and cooperation was once created due to the South-North summit talks, but inter-Korean relations are strained again and take a turn for the worse. Moreover, even though a large majority of the people agree upon the necessity of reunification, they actually tend to feel a burden of unification.
These changes in unification conditions raise the need to examine the unification movements of civil society organizations in South Korea, based on the following questions: (1) There has been ceaseless efforts from the Korean civil society for the long-wished-for reunification since the division of the peninsula, but why does national unification still remain a distant possibility? (2) What do we mean when we say "unification"? (3) In the present day, how must civil society organizations cope with unification movements? (4) How should unification activist groups join and work together?
This paper arranged the components of the unification discourse into five categories: (1) perception of North Korea, (2) concept and principle of unification, (3) plans and procedures for unification, (4) position on the current South Korean government's unification policy, and (5) prerequisites for unification. The study analyzed data on civil society organizations' perceptions of unification which were collected from a questionnaire of 52 questions and interviews with North Korea aid organizations. In addition, it attempted to explore how the differences in the perception of the unification issue appear between and in different groups and what the differences mean, viewing the differences as important factors in diagnosing the status quo of unification discourse.
The results are as follows: First, civil society organizations showed inter-group and in-group differences in the perception of unification. Especially, they showed duplicity in the perception of North Korea. When asked the underlying question, "what do you think North Korea is to us?,"most respondents agreed that North Korea should cooperate and coexist with us as another agent of unification, but there were some differences in terms of specific issues. For instance, they revealed significant differences with respect to the issues of North Korea's war-provoking possibility and hostile unification policy and of United States forces in Korea, as well as sensitive issues such as North Korea's human rights situation and nuclear development program. They also showed differences in the perception of changes in North Korea―or the perception of whether it will open its door to the international society and whether its political system is stable. This can be a factor of conflict in unification movements or a cause of South-North or South-South conflict. This paper argues that what makes those differences are the National Security Law, the existing discourse on national security, and the anti-communist ideology formed as a result of the longstanding division of the Korean peninsula and puts them as the challenges the unification movements have to overcome in future. Those differences that take place among the leading groups of unification movements can emerge as a factor of conflict anytime depending on North Korea's attitude and international conditions. If so, the unification movements will end in failure. The realistic basis of further reinforcing such concern lies with our society's failure to create a flexible unification environment. In other words, experiential anticommunism and legal and institutional anti-unification frameworks which are represented by the National Security Law can be said to remain the negative mechanisms of further amplifying conflicts.
Second, there was no significant difference in the perception of the unification issue. Especially in the principle of unification and the plans and procedures for unification, many respondents gave consent to the "unification as a process" and "gradual unification by agreement." This stance of civil society organizations is to get out of the existing unification discourse that sees inter-Korean reunification as "the integration of political systems" or "an event." Based on such a conclusion, this paper attempted to organize a new unification discourse so as to overcome the limitations of the existing unification discourse, including the necessity of reunification, the integration of political systems, and the alienation of citizens. The new unification discourse is intended to answer the questions about what is unification (conceptand principle of unification), why is unification necessary (reason for unification), and how should unification be reached (plans and procedures for unification). The discussion of what is unification presented the "unification as a process" as the concept of unification and the "preference of popular interest" as the principle of unification. The discussion of why is unification necessary presented the unification that helps overcome thoughts of division and save human lives. The discussion of other ideas placed emphasis on taking a cultural approach as the method of unification and building a peaceful nation as the goal of unification.
Third, the results from in-depth interviews suggest that civil society organizations lack smooth relationships with thegovernment, the public, and other non-government groups. Based on the findings, this paper indicated a desirable direction of their unification movements. For government relations, it is urgently needed to secure considerable autonomy based on mutual cooperation by building a governance system. The paper also emphasized the promotion of education on unification as a way to get over the alienation of citizens from unification movements and the necessity of a cooperative system among civil society organizations.
Finally, this study discovered that despite many limitations, the unification movements ofcivil society organizations havealready made considerable progress both in quantitative and qualitative ways. This is very desirable for the reunification of the Korean peninsula. However, we can't shake the feeling that expertise and capabilities gained through long experience are individualized. If unification is defined as a meeting or communication between you and me in a narrow sense, the civil society organizations will have to open a place of communication. The government should be able to take advantage of their experience and capabilities. Therefore, if the unification movements of the past were in conflict with the government, now they must seek a cooperative and complementary relationship with the government.