공장입지 선정에 관한 비교연구 : 한국과 중국 기업 사례를 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

공장입지의 결정으로 인한 투자, 생산 및 마케팅에 이르기까지 사업의 성과에 미치는 영향은 장기간 지속되기 때문에 합리적인 의사결정이 매우 중요하다. 특히 우리가 잘 알지 못하는 지역에서의 공장입지는 더욱 체계적이고 합리적인 방법을 적용할 필요가 있다.
본 실증연구의 대상 지역인 중국은 1978년 개혁개방 이후 연평균 10% 정도의 고도성장으로 세계의 생산공장 및 최대의 소비시장 중 하나이며, 더욱이 최근 중국이 2050부터 미국을 앞지르는 세계최대의 경제대국을 표방하고 있는 상황임을 감안할 때, 수출의존도가 매우 높은 한국으로서는 대중국 직접 투자에 대한 연구가 매우 필요하다고 볼 수 있다.
본 논문에서는 공장입지선정에 대한 선행연구에서 중요요인으로 고려된 바 있는 요인들을 비교․검토하고, 중국에서의 공장입지 결정에 중요한 요인들을 선별한다. 공장입지 결정을 비롯한 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있는 계층적 분석방법(AHP: Analytical Hierarchy Process)을 이용하여 한국과 중국 기업인들이 공장입지에서 중요한 것으로 고려되는 요인들에 대한 가중치를 구한 후, 그 조사/분석결과들의 시사점을 도출하기 위하여 한국과 중국의 주요 경영인 및 관련 중국 현지 공무원들을 대상으로 추가적인 면접조사를 하였다.
양국 기업인들 간 공장입지선정 시 고려하는 요인들에 대한 중요도 인식에 차이가 있는지 실증적으로 확인하기 위해서 중국의 상해시 및 심양시 지역을 대상으로 실증적인 연구/분석을 하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Modern industry requires mass production system generally demanding many labor force, raw materials and power. However, different industries choose different locations.
Where should a plant or service facility be located? The decision is crucial since the capital investment in land, factory construction, and facility is enormous. Once a firm has sunk a large sum of money into a factory, it lives with the decision for a long time. In this age of global markets and global production, this is a key decision problem for contemporary manufacturing and/or service. Selecting a factory location, particularly at the area that we do not familiar with, we need to be more prudent and reasonable to make such decisions.
After the reform and opening up in 1978, China has become one of the world's largest manufacturing bases and consuming market with its 10% of annual growth. With the expansion of Shenzhen, Dalian, Qingdao, Tianjin and other major port, as well as the opening of Yangshan deep-water port of Shanghai in 2005, the economic development policy of China has made these areas highly competitive. Moreover, Chinese rulers recently proposed a goal for surpassing the United States in 2050 in order to become one of the biggest economic powers in the world.
AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process) is utilized in various fields and for selection of factory location which is one of the most reasonable methodology. The AHP also provides and effective structure for group decision making by imposing a discipline on the group's thought process. The AHP method will be utilized to solve the problems regarding factory location selection.
For this, the data were collected from Korean and Chinese managers. The paper did study on the actual condition for identifying the differences of opinion between the two group's(Shanghai and Shenyang managers) in how to make decisions on the location problems. To improve the reliability of this research results, face-to-face interviews of 10 related experts - including business managers of both countries, two Chinese government officials and a Chinese professor - were conducted in both Korea and China respectively.

The analysis results can be summarized as follows.
For making a location decision, Korean managers had a tendency of considering proximity to markets, building construction cost, knowledge-based infrastructure and labor cost factor as most important factors. Meanwhile Chinese mangers considered support of government policy and building construction costs as the most important factors.
Explaining in more detail, regardless of the scale of enterprise or the experience in foreign direct investment, Korean managers considered proximity to markets as the most valuable factor. Irrespective of both the experience in foreign direct investment and the scale of enterprise, Korean managers attached importance to knowledge-based organizations. Although it is about 30 years since China reformed and opened up, the Chinese managers from small or medium enterprises in Shanghai and Shenyang are still apt to rely upon government aids.
Korean managers seem like taking almost all the twelve factors suggested by our model into account except the only one factor, knowledge-based infrastructure. On the other hand, only these two factors, building construction cost and government aids such as tax-relief and financial support, were taken into account by the Chinese mangers.
Since this study was carried out during recent global economy recession, and the limitation of the collected questionnaires, it is hard to avoid the possibility for those managers to show different view from their ordinary times.
Nevertheless, this paper will provide managers with useful informations on successful facility location in China.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I.서 론 ············································································································································································1
• 제1절 연구의 배경 및 목적 ············································································································································1
• 제2절 연구의 구성····························································································································································3
• II.기존연구 및 중국의 경영환경······································································································································4
• 제1절 공장입지론······························································································································································4
• 제2절 입지선정 요인························································································································································6
• 제3절 중국의 투자 및 기업경영 환경····························································································································8
• 1. 투자환경······································································································································································8
• 2. 상해시와 심양시의 경영 환경··································································································································9
• III.의사결정 및 평가기법················································································································································13
• 제1절 AHP기법의 개요··················································································································································14
• 1. 계층 내 중요도와 그룹 내 중요도 및 일관성 비율·····························································································14
• 2. 일치성 지수······························································································································································16
• 제2절 평가항목 선정과 평가모델·································································································································18
• 제3절 설문 구성 및 분석절차········································································································································19
• 1. 설문구성····································································································································································19
• 2. 분석절차····································································································································································21
• IV.최적 입지선정 모형의 적용 및 분석·······················································································································22
• 제1절 표본조사································································································································································22
• 1. 한국 기업들의 표본조사·········································································································································22
• 2. 중국 기업들의 표본조사·········································································································································23
• 제2절 한국 및 중국 기업의 공장입지선정 요인분석·································································································24
• 1. 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 주 기준의 중요도····························································································24
• 2. 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 세부기준의 중요도·························································································24
• 3. 주 기준 및 세부기준 요인들의 총체적 중요도····································································································26
• 제3절 기업 규모에 따른 입지 선정 요인분석·············································································································28
• 1. 한국의 대기업과 중소기업의 입지 선정 요인분석·····························································································28
• 2. 중국의 대기업과 중소기업의 입지 선정 요인분석·····························································································31
• 3. 한국과 중국 대기업의 입지선정 특성 비교·········································································································34
• 4. 한국과 중국 중소기업의 입지선정 특성 비교·····································································································37
• 제4절 해외진출경험 유무에 따른 입지선정 요인분석······························································································40
• 1. 해외진출경험 유무에 따른 한국 기업의 입지선정 요인분석············································································40
• 2. 해외진출경험 유무에 따른 중국 기업의 입지선정 요인분석············································································43
• 3. 해외진출경험 유무에 따른 한국과 중국 기업의 입지선정 특성 비교·····························································46
• 제5절 업종에 따른 공장입지 선정요인 분석··············································································································52
• 1. 한국과 중국 전자업종 기업의 공장입지선정 특성 비교····················································································52
• 2. 한국과 중국 기계업종 기업의 공장입지선정 특성 비교····················································································56
• 3. 한국과 중국 화학업종 기업의 공장입지선정 특성 비교····················································································60
• Ⅴ.결론··············································································································································································64
• 제1절 연구 결과의 요약·················································································································································64
• 제2절 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구과제··························································································································67
• 참고문헌···········································································································································································68
• 설문지(韓文)····································································································································································72
• 설문지-2차(韓文)····························································································································································78
• 설문지(中文)····································································································································································82
• 설문지-2차(中文)····························································································································································88
• Abstract············································································································································································92
• < 표 차례 >
• <표 1> 일관성지수(CI)와 일치성 지수(SI)의 관계···································································································17
• <표 2> 평가항목 및 조작적 정의·································································································································18
• <표 3> 이원비교를 위한 요소 척도(상대적 중요도의 척도 및 언어적 의미)·······················································20
• <표 4> 설문 구성(예)····················································································································································20
• <표 5> 한국기업들의 표본구성····································································································································22
• <표 6> 중국기업들의 표본구성····································································································································23
• <표 7> 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도·························································································24
• <표 8> 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 기업정착요인 중요도··············································································25
• <표 9> 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 기업환경요인 중요도··············································································25
• <표 10> 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 생산⋅운영요인 중요도·········································································26
• <표 11> 한국과 중국 경영인들의 각 요인별 상대적 중요도 인식··········································································26
• <표 12> 한국 대기업과 중소기업 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도···········································································28
• <표 13> 한국 대기업과 중소기업 기업정착요인 중요도··························································································29
• <표 14> 한국 대기업과 중소기업 기업환경요인 중요도··························································································29
• <표 15> 한국 대기업과 중소기업 생산⋅운영요인 중요도·······················································································29
• <표 16> 한국의 기업규모별 총체적 차원의 각 요인별 상대적 중요도··································································30
• <표 17> 중국 대기업과 중소기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도·······································································31
• <표 18> 중국 대기업과 중소기업의 기업정착요인 중요도······················································································31
• <표 19> 중국 대기업과 중소기업의 기업환경요인 중요도······················································································32
• <표 20> 중국 대기업과 중소기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도···················································································32
• <표 21> 중국의 기업규모별 총체적 차원의 각 요인별 상대적 중요도··································································33
• <표 22> 한국과 중국 대기업의 공장입지선정 주기준 중요도················································································34
• <표 23> 한국과 중국 대기업의 기업정착요인 중요도······························································································34
• <표 24> 한국과 중국 대기업의 기업환경요인 중요도······························································································35
• <표 25> 한국과 중국 대기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도···························································································35
• <표 26> 한·중 대기업의 총체적 차원의 입지요인 관련 상대적 중요도 인식·······················································36
• <표 27> 한국과 중국 중소기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도···········································································37
• <표 28> 한국과 중국 중소기업의 기업정착요인 중요도··························································································37
• <표 29> 한국과 중국 중소기업의 기업환경요인 중요도··························································································38
• <표 30> 한국과 중국 중소기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도·······················································································38
• <표 31> 한·중 중소기업의 총체적 차원의 입지요인 관련 상대적 중요도 인식···················································39
• <표 32> 해외진출경험에 따른 한국기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도···························································40
• <표 33> 홰외진출경험에 따른 한국기업의 기업정착요인 중요도··········································································40
• <표 34> 해외진출경험에 따른 한국기업의 기업환경요인 중요도··········································································41
• <표 35> 해외진출경험에 따른 한국기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도·······································································41
• <표 36> 한국기업의 해외진출경험에 따른 총체적 차원의 공장입지요인 인식···················································42
• <표 37> 해외진출경험에 따른 중국기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도···························································43
• <표 38> 해외진출경험에 따른 중국기업의 기업정착요인 중요도··········································································44
• <표 39> 해외진출경험에 따른 중국기업의 기업환경요인 중요도··········································································44
• <표 40> 해외진출경험에 따른 중국기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도·······································································45
• <표 41> 중국기업의 해외진출경험에 따른 총체적 차원의 공장입지요인 인식···················································45
• <표 42> 해외진출경험이 있는 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도················································46
• <표 43> 해외진출경험이 있는 한국과 중국 기업의 기업정착요인 중요도···························································47
• <표 44> 해외진출경험이 있는 한국과 중국 기업의 기업환경요인 중요도···························································47
• <표 45> 해외진출경험이 있는 한국과 중국 기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도························································48
• <표 46> 해외진출경험이 있는 두 나라 기업인의 입지요인 관련 중요도 인식····················································48
• <표 47> 해외진출경험이 없는 한국과 중국 기업 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도················································49
• <표 48> 해외진출경험이 없는 한국과 중국 기업의 기업정착요인 중요도···························································50
• <표 49> 해외진출경험이 없는 한국과 중국 기업의 기업환경요인 중요도···························································50
• <표 50> 해외진출경험이 없는 한국과 중국 기업의 생산⋅운영요인 중요도························································51
• <표 51> 해외진출경험이 없는 두 나라 기업인의 입지요인 관련 중요도 인식····················································51
• <표 52> 한국과 중국 전자업종 기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도··································································52
• <표 53> 한국과 중국 전자업종 기업의 기업정착요인 중요도················································································53
• <표 54> 한국과 중국 전자업종 기업의 기업환경요인 중요도················································································54
• <표 55> 한국과 중국 전자업종 기업의 생산⋅요인 중요도·····················································································54
• <표 56> 한·중 전자업종 기업의 총체적 차원의 입지요인 관련 중요도 인식·······················································55
• <표 57> 한국과 중국 기계업종 기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도·································································56
• <표 58> 한국과 중국 기계업종 기업의 기업정착요인 중요도················································································57
• <표 59> 한국과 중국 기계업종 기업의 기업환경요인 중요도················································································58
• <표 60> 한국과 중국 기계업종 기업의 생산⋅요인 중요도·····················································································58
• <표 61> 한·중 기계업종 기업의 총체적 차원의 입지요인 관련 중요도 인식·······················································59
• <표 62> 한국과 중국 화학업종 기업의 공장입지선정 주 기준 중요도··································································60
• <표 63> 한국과 중국 화학업종 기업의 기업정착요인 중요도················································································61
• <표 64> 한국과 중국 화학업종 기업의 기업환경요인 중요도················································································61
• <표 65> 한국과 중국 화학업종 기업의 생산⋅요인 중요도·····················································································62
• <표 66> 한·중 화학업종 기업의 총체적 차원의 입지요인 관련 중요도 인식·······················································62
• < 그림 차례 >
• [그림 1] 공장입지론 계보(系譜)···································································································································4
• [그림 2] 공장입지선정 관련 다 기준 구성요인들의 관련도····················································································19
• [그림 3] 공장입지선정 설문조사 데이터 분석절차··································································································21