古代 山城의 分布와 交通路 = The distribution of ancient Fortresses and traffic Roads

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is to investigate the distribution of fortresses and roads during the Period of the Three States(三國時代), mainly focusing on fortresses remain in Daejeon(大田) and Geumsan(錦山) area.
Fortress was a vital part of national defence in the past, as it was the most vigorous mean to protect national territory or people from external threats. A country, who needs to keep an eye on external activities, would build watch facility such as fortresses at the strategically critical points. The most important consideration in location of fortresses was the wide range of visibility(瞰視圈). Most commonly, building party of fortresses, such as the ones investigated in this study, was determined based on visible elements, including exterior characteristics or historical remains found on site. However due to the geographical characteristic of fortresses, which were most frequently found in boarder areas(接境地帶), we cannot rule out the possibility that building methods or remains could have been originated from other adjacent countries. Therefore, to avoid any potential false conclusion that could be derived from the existing approach, this study focused on the fundamental purpose of a fortress, watching and controling the border area, which could be vouched historically as well as geographically, and added watching range as a complementary investigative standard to the existing methodology.
Fortresses could be categorized into 3 types based on the existence of inner-gully and the number of high grounds: one-top(單峰形), multi-tops(多峰形), and gully-included style(包谷形). One-top fortress es were functionally interdependent with other fortresses or castles, which were often located along the ridge or arranged into a circular form in an open place, and they were, in most of the cases, forts with circumference less then 300m. Both of forts and common fortresses could come in multi-top styles. Forts in this category functioned dependently like any common fortresses. For gully-included fortresses, along with the original function of watching, distance from an external water source for emergency supply was an important factor even from the initial location. Fortresses with projection facilities, which enabled flank defense, were usually found in east Daejeon and Okcheon(沃川). Judging by historical remains found surro unding areas, they were very likely originated from the period bet ween mid 6th and 7th Century, when Shilla(新羅) was ruling these areas.
From the study, it was found that watching range varied by fortress styles. For one-top style, forts had 12.26∼56.43%(48.49% in average) of watching range and common fortresses had 14.01∼52.69%(21.18% in average). For multi-top style, forts showed 19.38∼56.01%(36.52% in average) of watching range and common fortresses showed 12.77∼43.77%(33.85% in average). For fortresses including inner-gully, the watching range measured 18.22∼44.17%(33.90% in average). In overall, forts appeared to have 42.51% of watching range and common fortresses to have 27.52%. As a result, whether with one-top or multi-tops, forts showed the most visibility, followed by fortresses with inner gully and common fortresses at the last place. Accordingly it could be said that of them all, forts had the most fulfilling style for watching.
Roughly, watching objects could fall in two categories: an opening near the river, in the mountain, or in a basin, and a main road in the mountain such as a hard pass near a hill or the water. The former style of fortresses watching openings were often found in Daejeon and north Geumsan basin, near Seohwa-cheon(西華川) in Okcheon and Chubu-Cheon(秋富川) in Geumsan. Fortresses came in various styles and were often densely placed in a certain area or linearly distributed along the ridge. In particular fortresses in the mountain, usually placed at the strategically critical points, appeared in many numbers, keeping certain distance, with fixed watching range in a certain direction, were either forts with circumferences of 200 ∼300m or common fortresses, with lower visibility, whether they are one-top or multi top style.
Among the Three states, Shilla(新羅) operated borderline defence system, based on a large military camp, with fortresses densely placed in an opening or at an entrance to the mountain area, to watch enemies. Meanwhile Baekje(百濟) would place fortresses deep in the mountain, where enemy's mobility could be limited significantly, keeping certain distance, to maximize the watching efficiency with the smallest number of troops. From these cases, even though cavalry gained more power in military operation after 4th Century, it could be derived that these two countries were relying more on lightly-armed cavalry, which could provide more mobility with small number of troops, unlike Koguryo(高句麗) which preferred heavily armed cavalry.
After reviewing roads from the period between Koryo(高麗) and Choseon Dynasty(朝鮮), based on administrative, economic, and military system such as public warehouses(倉), inns(驛院), markets(場市), beacons(烽燧), etc, road system in Daejeon and Geumsan area somewhat changed due to reorganization of public road or governmental road system(官道體制) based on the 8th main local road(第8大路), and accordingly influenced on local market and householding status(戶口狀況). However the influence of new road system was only limited in extent and failed to bring out major changes in public road system. Rather local regionalism or sustainability of road was under the influence of local economy and communication channel. Therefore Hwoedeok(懷德) had tighter territorial relationship with Okcheon, and Jinsan(珍山) and Chubu(秋富), geographically closer to Geumsan basin, were more related to Daejeon and Okcheon in every other way. Influenced by these unique relationships between regions, each road came to take distinct characteristics in road system by the later Choseon Dynasty, with roads between Jinsan-Okcheon, Hwoedeok-Okcheon, and Jinsan-Yeon san(連山) still serving actively as a main traffic channel, while the road between Geumsan-Okcheon deteriorated into a small local road only to support local economy and communication as its administrative and military significance subsided.
As status of each road changed, their function or use also changed. According to historic literature, near these roads, there usually had been many castles. In the Period of the Three States, castles were grouped near the roads and this type of location or formation lasted until ability to renovate natural environment was improved significantly.
Considering the road system as above, visibility of fortresses, their building status, and historical remains on site, it seemed that the borderline between Baekje and Shilla in Daejeon and Geumsan area was started at Daejeon-Cheon(creek ; 大田川) and its upper reach, going through the mountn area near Manin Mountain, the upper reach of Youdeung-Cheon(creek ; 柳等川), the mountain area in North Geumsan, and Kisi-cheon(creek ; ？嘶川) in Geumsan, and reached out to the lower reach of Bonghwang-cheon(creek ; 鳳凰川), and Daejeon Basin and Geumsan Basin were serving as a buffer zone.
The basic purpose of the study was to find a way to utilize given information about fortresses from the Period of the Three States, which remained mere gatherings of visual facts. For that, this study focused on investigating fortress location and watching system of each country and road system in Daejeon and Geumsan area. However findings presented here were mostly derived from small fraction of special facts and field observations, lacking concrete evidences.
Therefore further field observations and research on ethnographic data, including folk tales, legends, names of places, and historical literature which can tell us more specific details should be implemented while trying more diverse view points. In addition, considering the time gap between the Period of the Three States and Koryo∼Choseon Dynasty, data about road system during the period between Shilla United(統一新羅) and Koryo Dynasty, along with the ability to renovate natural environment, must be investigated and collected in the future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 緖論 1
• 1. 硏究目的 1
• 2. 硏究史 ： 築造勢力 比定과 關聯한 論爭과 問題點 3
• 3. 硏究方法 9
• Ⅱ. 大田·錦山地域의 山城資料 11
• 1. 自然地理的 環境 11
• 2. 大田·錦山地域 山城의 現況 14
• 1) 北部圈 山城 30
• 2) 中西部圈 山城 31
• 3) 中部圈 山城 32
• 4) 中東部圈 山城 33
• 5) 南部圈 山城 34
• Ⅲ. 大田·錦山地域의 山城에 대한 分析과 檢討 45
• 1. 考古學的 및 自然地理的 檢討 45
• 1) 考古學的 檢討 45
• (1) 分析基準에 대한 檢討 45
• ① 類型 46
• ② 規模 50
• ③ 出入施設 51
• ④ 築城法 52
• ⑤ 築城材料 54
• ⑥ 瞰視圈 60
• (2) 類型別 築造樣相 및 立地 檢討 62
• ① 包谷形山城 63
• ② 多峰形山城 65
• ③ 單峰形山城 67
• (2) 山城 築造勢力 分別을 위한 遠射武器의 檢討 67
• (4) 山城과 周邊遺蹟과의 關聯性 檢討 80
• 2) 自然地理的 檢討 89
• (1) 瞰視圈 檢討 89
• ① 類型別 瞰視圈分布 91
• ② 瞰視圈 連繫·集中地域 檢討 100
• (2) 外部 食水供給源에 대한 檢討 107
• (3) 實地形 自由曲線(地理的) 距離의 問題 111
• 2. 人文地理的 檢討 ： 文獻을 통한 地理的 圈域의 檢討 112
• 1) 地理的 方位觀念의 檢討 114
• 2) 倉과 驛院을 통한 地理的 圈域의 檢討 119
• 3) 場市를 통한 地理的 圈域의 檢討 135
• 4) 烽燧를 통한 地理的 圈域의 檢討 144
• Ⅳ. 古代 山城의 分布와 交通路 148
• Ⅴ. 結論 166
• 參考文獻 169
• ABSTRACT 180