신문 보도사진에 나타난 정치인 이미지 연구 : 1987년~2007년 대통령 선거 후보자 사진 내용분석을 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 선거는 미디어 선거라 불릴 정도로 유권자를 직접 접촉하는 전통적인 방법보다 매스미디어를 통해 지지를 호소하는 간접적인 선거 캠페인이 지배적으로 자리를 잡아가고 있다. 신문의 구성요소인 신문 보도사진은 수많은 영상이 한꺼번에 보여 지는 텔레비전 보도와 달리 하나의 기사에 사진이 많지 않기 때문에, 한 장의 사진 한 컷 속 이미지가 더욱 중요하고 강조된다. 이 연구는 1987년 제13대 대통령 선거를 기점으로 하여 2007년 제17대 대통령 선거까지 역대 대통령 선거에서 묘사된 신문보도사진 분석을 통해 우리나라 신문보도사진의 게재현황을 알아보았다. 또한 각 시기별로 묘사의 호감도에 차이가 나타나는지 집권여당 후보자와 야당 후보자의 묘사 호감도에 있어 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 세부적으로는 유권자 상호작용과 관련된 시각적 이미지, 사진적 세팅과 관련된 시각적 이미지, 사진의 기술적 특성이나 관점과 관련된 시각적 이미지로 나누어 살펴 보았다. 그 결과 선거 시기에 따라 대통령 후보자에 대한 사진적 묘사 호감도는 유의미한 차이가 나타났고, 집권여당 후보자와 야당 후보자 사이에 몇 가지 속성에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A Study of Newspaper Photographs of
Presidential Candidates, 1987-2007

LEE, SANG-WOOK
Major in Political Communication
Department of Communication & Information
The Graduate School of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

This study is about a visual element that affects the image formation of presidential candidates during the election period on which most attention is drawn by present politics, where media becomes a center, puts most focus. Through an contents analysis on news photos of presidential candidates featured in mass media, particularly in newspapers, general publishing status and imagery descriptions during the election period of Republic of Korea are studied. To this end, this study has conducted analysis of contents in news photos of presidential candidates in newspapers such as Kyung-Hyang, Dong-A, Cho-Sun, Joong-Ang, and Han Gyoe-Re, for total five times election periods from the 1997 presidential election to the 2007 presidential elections. As a result, in 2007, the most photos of presidential candidates were published, and the least photos were published in 2002. Further, the Kyung-Hyang newspaper most often published photos during the election periods other than the year 1997 for Han Gyoe-Re and in the year 2007 Dong-A.
When it comes to size of photos, the size was getting larger in accordance with election times. The general publication of news photos in newspapers shows as follows: First, based on the result of analysis on the featuring numbers in the first page, most photos were published in pages other than the first page in the other election periods, except for the year 1987. Secondly, as for newspapers showing a by-line, majority of photos were by the newspaper's own journalists until 2002, but photos by journalists from other companies or photo reporter pool have received a great deal of weight. Third, color photos were gradually expanding, and then, in the year 2007, they were more than twice in comparing black and white photos. Fourth, in one cut photos of presidential candidates, one candidate was solely featured in such a photo by an overwhelming majority, Fifth, as for the photo contexts, photos with campaign activities for background occupied the most great deal of weight. Sixth, with respect to the publishing order of photos, photos in the order of candidate number were placed till 2002. However, in the year 2007, photos were placed in the order of an approval rating or with a distinctiveness by each newspaper.
This study has reviewed the detailed analysis on contexts of presidential candidates photos during each election period, dividing them according to visual imagery relating to human interaction, visual imagery relating to photographic setting, and visual imagery relating to photo technical characters or angles. The followings show the detailed descriptions on visual imagery relating to human interaction.
First, in describing activities, the difference in degrees of favorable impression to activities in each election period turned out to be significant. With consideration of candidates types, an opposition party candidate has a significant difference according to the election period.
Second, with respect to description of human interaction, the difference in degrees of favorable impression to photos showing human interaction turned out to be significant. With consideration of candidates types, an opposition party candidate has a significant difference according to the election period.
Third, as for description of expression, the difference in degrees of favorable impression to photos showing expression in each election period turned out to be significant. Both an opposition party candidate and a government party candidate have significant differences according to the election period.
Fourth, in describing speech, degrees of favorable impression to photos showing speech in each election period turned out to have significant difference.
Fifth, with respect to description of eye contact, the difference in degrees of favorable impression to photos showing expression turned out to be significant. With consideration of candidates types, an opposition party candidate has a significant difference according to the election period.
When it comes to the nature of visual imagery relating to photographic setting, the descriptions on props were rarely dealt with during the election periods.
The reviews of the detailed descriptions on visual imagery expression relating to technical characters or angles are set forth as follows.
First, in describing camera angles, the difference in degrees of favorable impression to photos reflecting camera angles in each election period turned out to be significant. With consideration of candidates types, both a government party candidate and an opposition party candidate have no significant difference.
Second, as for description of position of photos, the difference in degrees of favorable impression to photos positioned upper or under in each election period turned out to be significant. With consideration of candidates types, both a government party candidate and an opposition party candidate have significant difference.
Third, with respect to the editing order, the number of photo cuts from being edited to being published in one page turned out to be significant in each election period. With consideration of candidates types, both a government party candidate and an opposition party candidate have significant difference.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서 론..............................1
• 제 1 절 문제제기 및 연구목적..... 1
• 제 2 장 문헌연구.........................6
• 제 1 절 대통령 선거와 언론........6
• 1. 미디어 중심의 선거............6
• 2. 언론의 선거보도 ...............10
• 3. 선거보도의 객관성............. 15
• 제 2 절 선거 보도로서의 신문사진................18
• 1. 신문 보도사진의 개념 및 특성...............18
• 2. 신문 보도사진의 중요성.......................21
• 3. 선거신문 보도사진..............................24
• 제 3 절 정치인 이미지와 시각적 이미지.........31
• 1. 정치인 이미지..............................................31
• 2. 정치인 이미지 형성으로서의 시각적 이미지.......34
• 제 3 장 연구문제....................................................38
• 제 4 장 연구방법....................................................41
• 제 1 절 내용분석.................................................41
• 제 2 절 표집방법.................................................41
• 1. 모집단........................................................41
• 2. 표본집단.....................................................42
• 3. 자료의 수집.................................................43
• 제 3 절 코딩체계.................................................44
• 제 4 절 코딩절차.................................................53
• 1. 코더선정 및 훈련..........................................54
• 2. 신뢰도........................................................54
• 제 5 절 자료분석.................................................55
• 제 5 장 연구결과....................................................56
• 제 1 절 선거기간 중 신문 보도사진의 일반게재현황...56
• 1. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 게재량.............56
• 2. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 크기................57
• 3. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 1면 게재량........59
• 4. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 출처................59
• 5. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 색상................60
• 6. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 후보자 등장 인원.....61
• 7. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 사진맥락(배경)........61
• 8. 대통령 선거기간 신문 보도사진 사진게재순서..........62
• 제 2 절 선거기간 중 신문 보도사진에 나타난 후보자 묘사 63
• 1. 유권자 상호작용과 관련된 시각적 이미지................63
• 2. 사진적 세팅에 관련된 시각적 이미지......................68
• 3. 사진의 기술적 특성이나 관점에 관련된 시각적 이미지69
• 제 6 장 결 론 ...............................................................73
• 제 1 절 연구문제 결과에 대한 논의................................73
• 1. 연구문제 1의 결과에 대한 논의...............................73
• 2. 연구문제 2의 결과에 대한 논의...............................76
• 제 2 절 연구의 한계점 및 제언.......................................78