Due to several reasons such as a rise in dual-income couples and to diversification in parents' child-rearing needs along with a change in family structure of modern society, young children are being reared by a child carer other than parents at child...
Due to several reasons such as a rise in dual-income couples and to diversification in parents' child-rearing needs along with a change in family structure of modern society, young children are being reared by a child carer other than parents at child-care facility educational institution, not at home. As for children not only in dual-income couples but also in house-wives, young children, who come to learn basis in social life at the child-care facility educational institution from the early days, come to diversely experience newly while making a living together with the peer young children in the new rearing environment different from home.
Young-children pedagogists are saying that the early childhood is the decisive period of being formed physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development, thus interaction, which is shown in relationship between mother and young child, plays an important role in influencing the adjustment after early childhood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify which difference there is in mother's child-rearing attitude depending on variables related to young children and mothers, and what about relative influence of mothers' child-rearing attitude, young children's temperament and goodness of fit upon adjustment to child-care facility educational institution where a young child attends.
The subjects of this study were 305 young children at the age of fully 4, who are now in child-care facility educational institution. The questionnaire, which was used in this study, is composed of 4 sections. As Section 1 is questionnaire that examines mothers' child-rearing attitude, it used Seo Ju-hyeon(2009)'s measurement tool for mothers' child-rearing attitude, which translated and modified MBRI(Maternal Behavior Research Instrument) developed by Schaefer, Bell and Bayley(1959). As Section 2 is questionnaire that surveys young children's temperament, it used Seo Ju-hyeon(2009)'s measurement tool for young children's temperament, which translated, modified, and re-composed DOTS-R(Windle & Lerner, The Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey, 1986). As Section 3 is questionnaire of examining goodness of fit, which is mothers' actual demand, it used Seo Ju-hyeon(2009)'s measurement tool for goodness of fit, which translated and modified DOTS: -R:ethnotheory(Windle & Lerner, 1986, The Revised Dimensions of Tem- perament Survey: ethnotheory). As Section 4 is questionnaire that tests young children's adjustment to child care centers, it used Won Yeong-mi(1990)'s questionnaire item, which Hughes and others made by curtailing and adapting National Foundation of Educational Research “Adjustment to School Scale” developed by Thompson(1975).
In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS/WIN statistical program in 12.0 Program was used. In the basic analysis, the frequency, percentage, the means, and standard deviation were calculated on socio-demographic factors in young children and mothers. In order to examine difference in the child- rearing attitude according to socio-demographic variables in young children and mothers, t-test and One way ANOVA were used. Also, in order to examine correlation among variables, Correlation Analysis was used. In order to examine more in detail the results, which were indicated in correlation analysis, the multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were carried out.
Given synthesizing results, which were clarified in this study, those are as follows.
First, mothers' child-rearing attitude according to variables related to young children was indicated to have significant difference only in democratic attitude according to young children's gender. Mothers' child-rearing attitude according to young children's birth ranking was indicated to have no significant difference. The difference in mothers' child-rearing attitude according to the child-care experience that young child was educated at educational institution, was indicated to have significant difference only in democratic attitude and positive attitude. Mothers' child-rearing attitude according to the averagely daily use time that a young child spend at child care center, was indicated to have no significant difference.
Second, mothers' child-rearing attitude according to variables related to mothers had no significant difference according to mothers' age. Mothers' child-rearing attitude according to mothers' educational level was indicated to have significant difference just in democratic attitude. Mothers' child-rearing attitude according to mothers' job was indicated to have significant difference just in positive attitude. Mothers' child-rearing attitude according to the averagely monthly income at home was indicated to have significant difference according to the averagely monthly income at mother's home just in positive attitude. Mothers' child-rearing attitude according to the averagely working time for one week have no significant difference, thereby being able to be known to rear a child with positive attitude.
Third, in the correlation between mothers' child-rearing attitude and young children's temperament & goodness of fit, and adjustment to child care centers, it was indicated that the more mothers take the democratic attitude, the higher correlation the young children's adjustment to child care centers has with concentration & independence, and ability of coping with individual needs, thereby being capable of knowing that adjustment level gets higher. It was indicated that the lower democratic attitude leads to showing the lower correlation in young children's concentration, independence, and ability of coping with individual needs.
As for mothers' child-rearing attitude in the control attitude, the more mothers take the control attitude, the higher correlation the concentration shows with young children's adjustment to child care centers. The lower control attitude leads to showing the lower correlation even in young children's concentration. Also, it was indicated that the higher mothers' positive attitude leads to showing the higher correlation in concentration and independence together as for young children's adjustment to child care centers, and that the lower positive attitude leads to having the lower correlation in young children's concentration and independence.
In correlation between young children's temperament and adjustment to child care centers, it was indicated that young children with active temperament out of young children's temperament show negative correlation with concentration, ability of using the teaching materials and the play materials, and independence, and that young children with regular temperament show positive correlation with cooperation & independence, ability of coping with individual needs, and ability of physical coordination.
In correlation between goodness of fit and adjustment to child care centers, young children's temperament and demand in actual temperament requested by mothers were indicated that young children with goodness of fit in adaptive temperament and young children with goodness of fit in active temperament are shown the high correlation in ability of physical coordination, and that young children with goodness of fit in regular temperament are shown high correlation in concentration, ability of coping with individual needs, and ability of physical coordination. It was indicated that the higher goodness of fit leads to the higher correlation in concentration, ability of coping with individual needs, and ability of physical coordination. Given seeing as a whole, young children's whole adjustment to child care centers was indicated to show negative correlation with active temperament and to show positive correlation with regular temperament among young children's temperament characteristics.
Fourth, as a result of examining effects of mothers' child-rearing attitude on young children's adjustment to child care centers, the effects of mothers' child-rearing attitude on young children's adjustment to child care centers were indicated to be the control attitude and the dependence-promotion attitude in order. In other words, it can be said that the higher in mother's control attitude and the lower in dependence-promotion attitude lead to the more effect on young children's adjustment behavior to child care centers. The effect of young children's temperament on adjustment to child care centers was indicated to be regular temperament. The more in young children's regular temperament may lead to the more effect on adjustment to child care centers. And, it was indicated to have no sub-variable in goodness of fit between mothers and children on young children's adjust- ment to child care centers.
Finally, as a result of examining the relative influence of mothers' child- rearing attitude and young children's temperament and goodness of fit upon adjustment to child care centers, when considering all variables, just the control attitude was indicated to have effect on young children's whole adjustment to child care centers. In other words, it can be known that the higher in mother's control attitude leads to the higher in young children's whole adjustment to child care centers.
In conclusion, it can be known that a variable related to young children and mothers has significant difference in mothers' child-rearing attitude and that mothers' child-rearing attitude and young children's temperament are major variables that have influence upon young children's adjustment to child care centers. Through these results, it was proved that mothers' child-rearing attitude and young children's temperament have more influence upon young children's adjustment to child care centers and that mothers' control child- rearing attitude has relatively influence. However, even the influence of variables in young children's temperament and goodness of fit between mothers and children could be known to be unable to be overlooked. Accordingly, aiming at young children's positive adjustment to child care centers, there is implication of child-rearing and education suitable for it, by which young children, teachers, and mothers form a trinity with educational guidance in connection with interaction between child-care facility educational institution and home.