The korean theatrical world has actively tried to find the identity of Korean theater after 1970s. Theater creators who have recognized the situation that has been placed too much emphasis on western theater have called the matter into the question; ...
The korean theatrical world has actively tried to find the identity of Korean theater after 1970s. Theater creators who have recognized the situation that has been placed too much emphasis on western theater have called the matter into the question; “what is Korean theater?” Also, critics and theorists have started to research that matter. A lot of directors have focused on the tradition as a way of Korean theater’s identity and put their efforts to find the Korean one through the various modernization of tradition after 1970s.
The purpose of this study is as follows. First, it has researched the aspect of tradition modernization after 1970s focused on Jeong-Ok Kim, Tae-Suk Oh, Jin-Chaek Son, Myung-Gon Kim, Yun-Taek Yi. Second, it has examined how these directors have recognized the identity and put it in practice through the aspect of tradition modernization.
In chapterⅡ, the relation between the Korean modern theater and the tradition as background knowledge after 1970s has been examined. First, the discourse on tradition has been researched based on the cultural theory and nationalism theory. Second, the meaning and characteristics of tradition have been studied. The meaning and characteristics of the tradition after 20th century have been researched and the relation between the tradition and Korean theater has been done after 1970s. Third, the tradition modernization in terms of theater history has been researched; how the tradition modernization have changed historically in earnest and where subject theater creators lie on a certain theater topographical map.
In chapter Ⅲ, the aspect of the modernization of tradition in theater direction has been researched in the order of Jeong-Ok Kim, Tae-Suk Oh, Jin-Chaek Son, Myung-Gon Kim, Yun-Taek Yi. Before considering the directors in earnest, overall context would be researched at first in the introduction of directors. In this chapter, the general inclination of each director after 1970s has been prospected by examining why and how to take an interest in tradition modernization.
The aspect of tradition modernization has been researched by dividing it into two items. The first one is the analysis of plot and the second one is the analysis of spatial production. Jeong-Ok Kim has focused on actors’ leading roles and collision montage plot in the Korean traditional theater. He allowed the collective creation where actors can intervene and preferred open episodic plot. Korean theme such as ‘death’ and ‘grudge’ has been used through the cross-way like the dramatic event, playing performance, and episodic recitation. He has utilized the flexible principle of empty space in the spatial production and focused on simple and poetic stage space through the Korean traditional object. Also, he has accepted the ‘Ma-Dang’ principle of traditional theater by using empty space so that it can break down the border between actors and audiences and ultimately create the open space.
Tae-Suk Oh has derived the principles of the progress with large leaps from Korean traditional theater. Oh preferred progresses with large leaps in plots and boldly used leaps of situations, time, and space to create his unique plot. Multiple plotting with two and three stories intertwined by leap also characterize Oh’s theater. The principle of leap in spatial production concludes with space of playful concept. He has focused on expressing ‘theatrical transformation’ and ‘theatrical creativity’ into space through the promise with audiences, variation, and freedom. Through the dynamic action, the multi-level space of omission and leap, the spectacle of playful concept as well as free appearance and exit, the space of Tae-Suk Oh shows the turmoil beauty full of disorder, imbalance and crude.
Jin-Chaek Son has modernized the tradition by eclecticism. He prefers non-realism drama texts for his own performance. Son is an interpretative director who does not change writer’s drama plot and translates the original one into his theater plot. In the spatial production, he intends to minimalism stage which inherits ‘simplicity’ from Korean traditional arts. He concisely creates the simple space with the empty space, minimal stage setting, and moderate acting.
Myung-Gon Kim has approached the tradition modernization from Ma-Dang play. He deliberately accepted both the open way of Ma-Dang play and the close way of realism theater. The open way make it possible for the stage and audience to communicate each other and the close way to achieve the realistic features that is insufficient in Ma-Dang play. He has succeeded Ma-Dang space in the creation of space but turned it into theater stage. He has utilized the flexibility of empty space as the basic principle and created space with actors’ song and dance, the variation of simple properties, and theatrical utilization of body and object.
The major principle of Yun-Taek Yi’s modernization of tradition is to borrow the style from the West, but to contain traditional spirits in it. As for plots, he chose narrative plots as the large frame. In other words, he adopted the frame of western drama with storyline. However, Yi greatly emphasized episodic plots within narrative plots to create something that is distinguished from western narratives. He simplified the overall storyline and magnified the dots along the line to approach the openness of episodic plots from the closeness of narrative plots. He also uses speediness, free transition with leaps, and magnification of dots from episodic plots to effectively create dramatic tension. In the space production, he has pursued mise-en-scene which give aesthetic pleasure by using the three-dimensional stage setting and deconstructed the realistic setting with various ways. Also, he has made his effort to create of mythological space by utilizing objects with lively prototype symbolism.
Considering the summary above, five directors have modernized the tradition in their own way. However, each director has common features and principles with the aspect of tradition modernization in the view of plot, space, and audience and it has been researched in chapter Ⅳ. First, the principle of plot is ‘Tum’ that has continuously been desired from tradition modernization after 1970s. Korean audience prefer multi-level plot with ‘Tum’ to plot such as the structure of introduction, development, turn and conclusion. In the spatial production, the directors prefer flexible space. This originates from both the concept of ‘Ma-Dang’ of Korean traditional theater and western ‘empty space’ which arose in 20th century. From the theater that create empty space to the theater that adopt western three-dimensional stage, the aspect of flexible space varies among directors and plays. However, they have in common in terms of that they prefer variableness and theatrical imagination to a definite time and space designation. In other words, they prefer the concept of ‘progressive’ space to ‘complete’ space. As the interest in tradition has been higher, that of audience participation has arisen. The interest in audience participation affects the creating plot and space. Also, the audience participation is considered as an important factor to decide the performance intensity. Audience participation has tried complexly. That is, the physical participation, the joining or communicating through audience action and the spiritual participation through imagination stimulus have been tried.
The modern recognition and recovery of the traditional theater heritage is the inevitable process in Korean theater history. Meaningful creativity and study on original principle of Korean theater remain as a problem awaiting solution, but the movement toward tradition modernization has had a huge impact on Korean theater history.