Suicide presents a serious problem in the Korean military. Although the rate of suicide is lower than the civilian rate, suicide is the leading cause of death in the Korean military. A soldier’s suicide exerts seriously negative influences on other ...
Suicide presents a serious problem in the Korean military. Although the rate of suicide is lower than the civilian rate, suicide is the leading cause of death in the Korean military. A soldier’s suicide exerts seriously negative influences on other soldiers and commanders in his unit, weakens fighting capacity, causes loss in morale and trust in the army, and requires active intervention.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a suicide prevention program for Korean military based on the community whole-system approach, and to evaluate the efficacy of the program. In order to develop a suicide prevention program that considers the characteristics of the Korean armed forces, the authors held meetings with people working in the field, interviewed program managers and focus group members, conducted surveys, and analyzed previous studies dealing with suicide and data on military suicides. The Korean suicide prevention program emphasized participation in suicide prevention of all community members and sub-structures, organizational changes in attitudes about suicide and mental health, and intervention at the system-level. In the present study, we considered the Ministry of Defense, military culture, commanding staff, soldiers, and resources as core factors to change and cooperate for suicide prevention. The goals of the suicide prevention program are to be realized in stage by stage, based on the changes and cooperation brought about by these factors, and that process was presented through a logic model. The suicide prevention program which was developed in this study is composed of a basic course and a leaders' course. The basic course includes teaching and training knowledge of suicide, sound attitudes of suicide and mental health, awareness of the warning signs for suicide, action plans for suicidal personnel, and basic suicide risk assessment. The leaders' course includes teaching and training advanced knowledge on suicidal behavior, skills for interviewing suicidal personnel, suicide risk assessment and documentation, steps for suicide prevention, and tasks for suicide prevention according to class and role in the military.
This paper aimed to examine whether the Korean military suicide prevention program affects positive changes in attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors regarding suicide prevention, when the program is applied to the military. The program was implemented in 6 companies, 283 soldiers of the Korean Amy participated in pre-test, education, and post-test. In the experimental groups which participated in the education, there was significant improvement in self-evaluation of knowledge, knowledge of suicide, and gatekeeper behaviors compared with the control group. In the comparison between the first experimental group which took the basic course and the leaders' course and the second experimental group which took the basic course only, there was no significant difference in all variables. That is, although the basic course for soldiers and commanding staff resulted in improvements in attitudes knowledge and gatekeeper behaviors for suicide prevention, it is hard to say that the additional leaders' course session for commanding staff made a positive difference in attitudes, knowledge and gatekeeper behaviors for suicide prevention.
The results have substantial implications. First, based on a community whole-system approach, a suicide prevention program for the entire military structure was developed. The program was constructed specifically for the Korean military, giving maximum consideration to the characteristics of suicide among Korean soldiers, protective factors and risk factors of the military, the peculiarities of the military structure and its referral system. Second, this paper identified in detail the suicide prevention subjects, their activities and goals by using the logic model, presented intermediate targets that need to be achieved before the final goal of reducing the suicide rate can be reached and, if they are shown to be effective for suicide prevention in the future, make it possible to determine which variables were involved. Third, in the present study we used a randomized design with a control group to evaluate the efficacy of the suicide prevention program. The result of the program application showed that the suicide prevention programs is effective for improving attitudes, knowledge and gatekeeper behaviors for suicide prevention. It could be used as a model for suicide prevention programs that could be applies in many other communities, for example schools, workplaces, prisons and hospital. Fourth, statistical data that allowed comparisons were presented, data dealing with suicide-related behaviors such as soldiers’ thoughts of suicide, suicide planning, suicide attempts, or self-injury, which could be used in suicide-related studies in the military. Finally, the limitations of this paper and the need for further study were discussed.