Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments that give rise to the red, purple, or blue colors observed in many soft fruits, stem and flowers. Especially pigment representative of berries has been an increased interest, due to the use of anthocyanin ...
Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments that give rise to the red, purple, or blue colors observed in many soft fruits, stem and flowers. Especially pigment representative of berries has been an increased interest, due to the use of anthocyanin in the functional food and nutraceutical industry with recent reports on the various potential health benefit, which include a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, visual improvement, carcinogenic, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory effect. These health benefits have been attributed to antioxidant property of anthocyanin.
However, there have been little information on the types and compositions of anthocyanins from different berries, and on the comparison among the berries in biological activities, including antioxidant and anticancer capacites. We determined and compared antioxidant and anticarcinogenic capacities of blueberry, raspberry, mulberry, and strawberry cultivated in Korea. In addition, we isolated and identified anthocyanins from different berries through quantitative analysis by HPLC measurement.
1. The content of vitamin C in strawberry was the highest with the values of 15.84 mg/100 g, among different four berries and pH of the berries was ranged from 3.30 to 4.95. The contents of K and Ca among minerals in all berries were highest. The composition amino acids in four different types of berries had eighteen amino acids. The dominant amino acid was glutamic acid for all berries. The anthocyanin contents in raspberry among berries was the highest with a value of 1058.51 mg/100 g, and followed by blueberry(375.24 mg/100 g).
2. Total phenolic content of water and ethanol extracts from raspberry were 3336.92 mg/100g and 3306.83 mg/100 g, respectively and the content in raspberry was higher than that in other berries. Total flavonoid contents of water and ethanol extracts from raspberry were 883.08 mg/100g and 605.31 mg/100 g, respectively. In addition, total anthoyanin contents of water and ethanol extracts from raspberry were 2242.66 mg/100 g and 3766.13 mg/100 g, respectively.
3. In order to compare antioxidant activity among different four berries such as blueberry, raspberry, mulberry and strawberry, several techniques were conducted and the data were analysed. The techniques included a DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, ABTs radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, nitrite scavenging as well as antioxidant activity in β-caroten linoleate system, tyrosinase inhibition, and α-glucosidase activity. Antioxidant activity for all berries linearly increased with an increase in amount of berry addition. The data showed that there was high positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts from berries.
4. The inhibitory effect of water and ethanol extract from berries on growth of three human cell such as AGS (gastro cancer) MCF-7 (breast cancer), HT-29 (colon cancer) were examined. The result showed that water extracts from raspberry and mulberry at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL showed the higher growth inhibition against AGS cells than that of MCF-7 and HT-29. In addition, ethanol extracts from mulberry inhibited above 50% in growth of cancer cell. Blueberry on water extracts, at the concentration 1000 μg/mL showed strong growth inhibitory activity, as 77.97%, in MCF-7 cell and the growth of human colon cancer cells (HT-29) was also inhibited by adding 1000 μg/mL of the water extracts as well as 50% of human cancer cells.
5. The color stability of water and ethanol extracts from the berries as affected by the addition of organic acid and metal ions and by storage temperature was investigated. The color stability of the extracts at pH 2 was determined by measuring absorbance at 520 nm. Among the organic acids, maleic acid was found to be the most effective in stabilizing the pigment, and followed by citric acid and acetic acid. Metal ions was found to be considerable deleterious on color stability of berries. The color stability of water and ethanol extracts from the berries as affected by heat treatment ranged 30~105℃ and by storage temperature was investigated. Results indicate that the thermal degradation of pigment occurred.
6. Raspberry and blueberry produced higher total anthocyanins yield from both water and ethanol extracts, compared to other berries, and their anthocyanins showed better antioxidant activity than vitamin C.
7. Inhibitory effect of cancer cell with anthocyanins from various berries showed that the anthocyanins from blueberry had the highest inhibition activity against AGS cell and HT-29 cell growth, while those from mulberry did have highest the activity against MCF-7 cell growth at the concentration of 50~100 μg/mL.
8. The chemical compositions of anthocyanins extracted from various berries were determined by the measurement with LC-MS/MS. Blueberry was identified to have eight kinds of anthocyanins, such as delphinidin 3-galactoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-arabinoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-arabinoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-xyloside and malvidin 3-arabinoside. Raspberry had four kinds of anthocyanins such as cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside. Mulberry had three kinds of anthocyanin : cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-rhamnoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and pelargonidin 3-rutinoside. Strawberry was identified to have two kinds of anthocyanin: pelargonidin 3-galactoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside.