朝鮮 15世紀 磁器貢納에 관한 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the Joseon Dynasty after the early transition period, the ceramic and porcelain wares used by the King, his family, and his government officers were manufactured at the state kilns under the control of Saongwon (司饔院, the government bureau in charge of the meal and the food supply to the King's court). The state kilns were established by appointing supervising officers in the year 1467 and by recording 380 Saongwon craftsmen in Gyeongguk Daejeon (經國大典, the Grand Code of State Administration) in the year 1469.
This dissertation is to study the manufacturing and supply system of the ceramic and porcelain wares to the King's court and his government in the early transition period of Joseon dynasty before the state kilns were established, paying special attention to the fact that the table wares used on King's table and his official events were mostly made in silver and metal before the year 1450.
In the early stage of the Joseon Dynasty, which started in 1392, the emphasis was given to strengthening the King's authority and to establishing the centralized government system. In this process, a geographical products recording (“地理志 jiriji”) of the new kingdom was ordered in order to secure the tax revenue and to ensure its fair distribution. As a result, Gyeongsang-do Jiriji, Shinchan Paldo Jiriji (Sejong Shilok Jiriji, the geographical appendix to the Annals of King Sejong), and Kyungsang-do Sokchan Jiriji were published in 1424-1469. These jirijis included the ceramic and porcelain wares and kilns for the taxation, in the form of local products at the time. These kilns produced ceramic and porcelain wares under the early taxation system after the opening of the new dynasty, under the supervision of the local government offices. Thus, these kilns were not privately owned. They existed to supply the taxation ceramic and porcelain wares before the publication time of the Jirijis, as well as after it, whether they were picked to be listed in Jirijis or not.
The kilns of the early Joseon Dynasty actually continued from late Goryeo dynasty as they started manufacturing the taxation ceramic wares from 1370. This fact was verified from the official documents of kilns in 1414 and 1418, and the tax collection record of ceramic and porcelain wares by Yebinshi (禮賓寺, a government department in charge of greeting the foreign official visitors). These recordings were made before the conduction of the basic survey in preparation for the publication of the Jirijis. At that time, the ceramic and porcelain ware taxation was not through a central government agency, but collected directly by the individual central government branches from the local government offices which are in charge of the local ceramic and porcelain ware manufacturing. This type of taxation system by the individual government branches was the reminiscence of the late Goryeo Dynasty system starting from 1389.
Taxation ceramic and porcelain wares began bearing the name of the central government user branches from 1417, and the name of the craftsman and the manufacturing place from 1421. Manufacturing of the taxation ceramic and porcelain wares was executed by the local supervising officer under the authority of the central government for the draft of the manpower. The local officer was responsible for the whole taxation process. The kilns at the earlier time did not belong directly to Gongjo(工曹), the Ministry of Public Works at the central government, and, thus, were not under supervision by centrally appointed officer. Gongjo did not employ its own ceramic and porcelain ware craftsmen for the King's court and central government. Since the kilns belonged to the local offices, they cannot be regarded as central government (state) owned nor privately owned. They were simply taxation kilns.
The taxation ceramic and porcelain wares in the early Joseon Dynasty went through several global changes in time.
In the first period (1392-1420) Buncheong Ware (ceramic ware covered in white slip), as reminiscence of later period Goryeo, and a small amount of white porcelain ware were manufactured together.
In the second period (1420-1440), Taxation Buncheong wares were manufactured with the user government office name marked. White porcelain, which had been manufactured in the previous period at the high level kilns (soon to be described as such in the geographical appendix “Jiriji” to the Annals of King Sejong) were manufactured only for exclusive offering to the King and Queen. Since 1425, manufacturing of the white porcelain ware was concentrated in the Gwangju in Gyunggi-do, with a separate classification between the offering to the King and Queen, and the supply to the royal family. This became the background for the establishment of the state kilns at Gwangju. While the royal family in the palace were still using mainly the silver wares until 1440s, the Chinese Emperor Xuande(宣德帝) sent white porcelain ware gifts to the Joseon King Sejong in 1428. After the King Sejong used them on his table in 1430, the central taxation was extended to include the white porcelain wares. Thus, between 1425 and 1440, Bucheong wares were manufactured for government offices and the white porcelain wares were manufactured exclusively for the royal family.
In the third period (1440-1466) both the white porcelain ware and the Buncheong wares were manufactured for all the government offices. Global manufacturing of the white porcelain wares was verified in the example of Goryung kilns at Gyungsang-do. Spreaded use of the white porcelain not only in the royal family, but also in the whole government offices became the direct cause for the global transformation of the Buncheon kilns to white porcelain kilns all over the country.
In the fourth period (1466-1500) the white porcelain ware was excluded from the taxation goods, but manufactured only for the King. Until the completion of the state kilns in 1469, Buncheong wares were the only taxation wares. However, it appears that the manufacturing of the white porcelain at various kilns continued where the white porcelain wares were already manufactured in the 1440s. Before the establishment of the state kilns in 1469, with the actual time depending upon the kilns, it is reasonable to assume that the manufacturing of the white porcelain had already spreaded through out most of the kilns. Therefore, the disappearance of the Buncheong ware has a direct connection with the upgraded status and wide-spreaded use of the white porcelain wares in the government offices. After the establishment of the state kilns, the taxation kilns did not disappear completely. Their number was reduced from 139 to 49 and they were used to fulfill the taxation needs to the local governments. At this stage, with the official establishment of the state kilns, the taxation to the local offices from the local kilns rapidly transformed back to the white porcelain wares, instead of the less popular Buncheong wares.
Due to this global nature of the transformation histories controlled by the central government, the Buncheong and white porcelain wares kept unified styles regardless of the widely separated manufacturing locality. Similar to other taxation craft goods in the early Joseon Dynasty, the Buncheong ceramic and white porcelain wares at different kilns were forced to be manufactured to the unified standard following the centrally distributed models.
In conclusion, this dissertation verified that the ceramic and porcelain wares used in the King's court and the government offices even before the establishment of the state kilns were manufactured under a centrally controlled global taxation system. The kilns which manufactured these Buncheong ceramic and white porcelain wares were part of the official taxation system, but their supervision was under local government offices.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 貢納窯의 성립 10
• 1. 고려말-조선초 요업체제의 변화 10
• 2. 조선초 磁器所 운영의 개시 시기 22
• 3. 貢納制의 시행과 『世宗實錄』地理志에 기재된 磁器所 25
• Ⅲ. 貢納窯의 운영 46
• 1. 貢納用 자기의 수취방식 46
• 2. 자기소의 品等과 匠人 53
• 3. 上品 磁器所의 白磁製作과 王室의 金銀器 사용 69
• Ⅳ. 貢納用 자기의 특징 및 시기구분 90
• 1. 고려말-조선초의 銘文 92
• 2. 분청사기 110
• (1) 官司名 분청사기 110
• (2) 官司名 분청사기의 지역별 분포 127
• 3. 백자 140
• (1) 공납용 백자 : 공물 141
• (2) 진상용 백자 : 진상물 144
• 4. 공납용 자기의 양식과 제작방식 159
• 5. 공납용 자기의 시기구분 172
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 176
• 사 진 180
• 참고문헌 202