虛應堂 普雨의 修行과 佛敎中興 硏究 = A study on Cultivation and Buddhist rehabilitation of Herwungdang Bowoo

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chosun Period that began a new dynasty after Goryeo Period adopted Confucianism as the political ideas, suppressing Buddhism and this anti-Buddhism policy had been lasted for 500 years.
Even though a few monarchs pursued Buddhism, it was hardly possible to recover the religious influence as the period didn't last for long time.
Herwungdang Bowoo was Seon(禪) master and an intellectual who absorbed a study on the connection of both Buddhism and Confucianism ashe has a thorough knowledge of Taoism and Confucianism as an disciplinant who has a full knowledge of Kyo(敎),sutra study.
At the age of MyungJong reign, the dark age of Confucianism - respect and Buddhism ?oppress, the light of Buddhism brightened up by developing competent person with reestablishing Buddhist examination by the merciful heart of Buddha of Queen Munjeong who secured the position of Yangjongpansa of Seon(禪) sect and Doctrinism of Buddhism.
However, his effort for Buddhist rehabilitation was failed to have strong influence due to the fierce and aggressive manifesto of Confucian scholars and at the end after being sent into exile to Jeju island, he was entered Nirvana by the position of heathen for the first time in the Korean Buddhist history.
The political social background of the time when he was supposed to accomplish the great work of Buddhist rehabilitation was that there was a conflict between Sarim sect and Hungu sect as Sarim sect entered into main political circle and made a disclosure of Hungu sect’s corruption.
And the political retaliation of Hungu secthad begun against the condemnation and criticism of Sarim sect.
This is called as the big four massacre of scholars including Muoh massacre of scholar(1498), Gapja massacre of scholar(1504), Gimyo massacre of scholar(1519), Eulsa massacre of scholar(1545).
The Buddhist policy of kings also lacked consistency.
The anti-Buddhism policy was at its zenith for 70 years through
the 9thSungjong reign, the 10th Yeonsangun reign and the 11th Jungjong.
At this time, royal Buddhism was also like sitting on a barrel of gunpowder.
In the second chapter,although there is not correct information concerning about the lifetime and the entrance into the Buddhist priesthood of Bowoo, it is described about the time from 1st year to 4th year of Jungjong(1506~1509) among the contents that were reported to the academic world.
It is described poetry that expressed the life of ascetic who retired to hermitage and practiced in the Geumgang Mt. for 10 years after entering into the Buddhist priesthood and the lifetime from accomplishing Buddhist rehabilitation to entering Nirvana.
In the third chapter, it is described about his aspect as Seon(禪) master through Buddhism aspect, harmony of Buddhism and Confucianism and the Buddhism view of defense of own country by Seon(禪) sect and Doctrinism of Buddhism and a Buddhist invocation.
In the fourth chapter, consideration of his exertion of Buddhist rehabilitation and the historical successive records are examined minutely such as political anti-Buddhism tendency in Chosun period, reestablishing both Seon(禪) sect and Kyo(敎) sect and revival of the system of the state certificate issued to the Buddhist priest from nation and picking out younger students by enforcing Buddhist examination.
Especially, detailed contents in true record of the Chosun Dynasty were referred to the situation that Buddhist institution taken over from anti Buddhism policy was destroyed.
In the fifth revaluation of Bowoo of the fourth chapter, it is described about the misunderstanding that he was regarded as the vicious monk and also supposed to reveal his true personal nature that has been misunderstood by people through the objective comparison with the documents within and outside Buddhism
On this thesis the achievement of Buddhist rehabilitation in the middle of Chosun like Buddhist aspect through the lifetime and Seon(禪) practice by examining his writing and the result of study on him is supposed to be fixed up.
Bowoo started to put in effect on the earnest rehabilitation with the beginning of revival of both Seon(禪) sect and Kyo(敎) sectwith the utmost support of Queen Munjeong from the fifth year of Myungjong.
Although he devoted himself to the weakened Chosun Buddhist rehabilitation for 15 years from that time, his rehabilitation policy was finished when Queen Munjeong passed away.
So, on this thesis Bowoo’s lifelong religious perception and his Seon(禪) and Kyo(敎)aspect as Seon(禪) priest on the part of circumstance can be found and it is intended that the historical importance about the achievement of Buddhist rehabilitation that made a milestone in Chosun Buddhism like revival of both Seon(禪) sect and Kyo(敎)sect and Buddhist examination for Buddhist priest that were enforced by the support of Queen Munjeong would be revealed.
This is the work for expressing right belief and conviction about Bowoo’s activity for Buddhist rehabilitation in spite of opposition and trap of the Confucian scholars.
As a ghost, entering to the ghost village
playing a trick with acting crazy for about 50 years
holding up a person to ridicule sumptuous and disgraceful affairs
taking off the scarecrow mask
going up to the deep blue sky.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ 서언 = 1
• 1. 연구 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구 방법 = 3
• Ⅱ 보우의 생애와 출가 = 5
• 1. 출생과 출가 = 5
• 2. 수행과 오도 = 9
• 3. 불교중흥과 순교 = 13
• Ⅲ 보우의 佛敎思想 = 21
• 1. 보우의 교판관 = 21
• 1) 禪사상 = 21
• 2) 敎學觀 = 27
• 3) 念佛觀 = 31
• 2. 보우의 儒佛調和 = 39
• 3. 보우의 護國佛敎 = 42
• Ⅳ 보우의 불교중흥 활동 = 50
• 1. 조선조의 배불경향 = 50
• 2. 보우와 문정왕후의 인연 = 59
• 3. 禪敎兩宗 및 度牒制의 부활 = 65
• 4. 僧科制의 부활과 후학 발굴 = 69
• 5. 妖僧에 대한 오해 = 73
• Ⅴ 결어 = 82
• 參考文獻 = 85
• ABSTRACT = 88