朝鮮 王陵 長明燈 硏究 = A study on the Jangmyungdeung(長明燈, stone lantern) of Joseon royal tombs

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Jangmyungdeung(長明燈) is stone culture property having symbolic meaning that lights darkness of posthumous world and a functional aspect of a lantern.
Since construction of a royal tomb was very important in the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮, 1392-1909), a ceremony book of a government office for managing a royal tomb(山陵都監儀軌) was made to record a process of royal tomb construction, used material and technicians, etc. A manufacturing process, etc. of the stone lantern can be known through the contents of the book.
The Jangmyungdeung of Joseon royal tombs is divided into a four corner type(四角長明燈) or an eight corner type(八角長明燈) according to the plane shape(類型), and the eight corner type was usually made before 1699 year and the four corner type was made after 1699 year. The Jangmyungdeung with the eight corner type was made by considering difference from the Korea stone lantern and studying stoneware such as several stone lanterns and round Pavilion Stupa(浮屠) since fabrication of the Jangmyungdeung of the Keon Won tomb(健元陵, 1408) of the Tae Jo(太祖, 1335-1408). The Jangmyungdeung with the four corner type was made according to the plane shape of the Jangmyungdeung of the Hu tomb(厚陵, 1420) of Jung Jong(定宗, 1357-1419) that Suk Jong(肅宗, 1661-1720) set a standard of stoneware simplification.
There was 4 times of reuse of stoneware used at other tomb in the past during the Joseon Dynasty. The examples are the Sung tomb(崇陵, 1674) of Hyun Jong(顯宗, 1641-1674), the Hwikyungwon(徽慶園, 1823) of Yubin(綏嬪, 1770-1822), the In tomb(仁陵, 1856) of Sun Jo(純祖, 1790-1834), and the Yeo tomb(睿陵, 1864) of Cheol Jong(哲宗, 1831-1863). The stoneware reuse was decided by King and Queen who worried people suffering from mountain tomb formation, and the Jangmyungdeung were also reused and some of the Jangmyungdeung were repaired. When we view pattern flow of the Jangmyungdeung of royal tombs in the Joseon Dynasty, a system of the Jangmyungdeung was accomplished in an early period(1392-1506). The number of members of the Jangmyungdeung was reduced from 5 to 2 pieces, and a Jangmyungdeung member unique in the Joseon Dynasty was made in the name of Che Seok(體石).
The Jangmyungdeung in the early period passes through diverse tests, and patterns(眼象) and wood pieces(栱包), etc. lend a detailed element of the round Pavilion Stupa made in the end of Korea and in the early period of Joseon.
The Jangmyungdeung in the middle period(1506-1674) sets the Jangmyungdeung(1494) of the Sun tomb(宣陵) of Sung Jong(成宗, 1457-1494) that was made according to the contents of 『Five courtesies of Joseon(國朝五禮儀)』as a standard. It is different compared to the early period that the Jangmyungdeung in the middle period was consisted of only two members of Kae Seok(蓋石) and Che Seok(體石), and the wood pieces(栱包) has tow steps.
It is shown that flower patterns(花紋) and realistic wood pieces(栱包) in the 17th century appeared from the mind expressing realistically and visually unlike the ideological 16th century. It was understood that this became a basis of real scene culture(眞景文化) in the latter period of Joseon.
The Jangmyungdeung in the latter period(1674-1800) showed a style of the real scene era(眞景時代) and was expressed realistically. The Jangmyungdeung was changed to a plane with four corners according to the stoneware simplification of Suk Jong(肅宗). Broad cover stone(Kae Seok, 蓋石), high body stone, cloud-like legs(雲足) with a tiger foot type(虎足形) and a peony(牧丹) of an upper support, etc. are characteristics of the four-cornered Jangmyungdeung in the 18th century. A peak was reached in the stone lantern of the Hong tomb(弘陵, 1757) of Queen Jungsung(貞聖王后, 1692-1757) in 1750s, and this beautiful Jangmyungdeung was made by a big role of a stoneware supervisor(石物監董) called as Byul Gan Yeok(別看役).
The stoneware at the royal tombs such as the Jangmyungdeung, etc. is rapidly formalized in the latter period(1800-1926). The Jangmyungdeung was exaggerated and formalized, so it lost its realistic shape and sought only decoration. Afterwards, the stone lantern lost a tradition of Joseon and is made in shape of Japanese or Chinese stone lantern style while passing through Japanese occupation and industrialization.
The Jangmyungdeung of royal tombs in the Joseon Dynasty among stoneware of the royal tombs shows clear pattern characteristics and changed shape according to the period. This means that the Jangmyungdeung can be a standard of formative matter of Confucianism including the stoneware of the royal tombs. A study on stone culture properties in the Joseon Dynasty will be progressed on the base of the Jangmyungdeung of the royal tombs in the Joseon Dynasty in the future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 = 1
• 1. 長明燈의 定義 = 2
• 2. 硏究方法 = 5
• Ⅱ. 儀軌에 나타난 長明燈의 製作過程 = 8
• 1. 長明燈의 製作過程 = 8
• 2. 王陵石物의 監董과 匠人 = 18
• 3. 長明燈의 燃燈 規定 = 24
• Ⅲ. 朝鮮 王陵 長明燈의 類型 = 27
• 1. 類型別 製作 背景 = 27
• 2. 類型別 文獻規定 = 32
• Ⅳ. 王陵 石物의 再使用 = 40
• 1. 朝鮮 王陵 舊石物 再使用 = 41
• 2. 再使用된 長明燈의 事例 = 45
• Ⅴ. 朝鮮 王陵 長明燈 樣式 考察 = 59
• 1. 初期(1392-1506) = 59
• 2. 中期(1506-1674) = 71
• 3. 後期(1674-1800) = 84
• 4. 末期(1800-1926) = 98
• 5. 朝鮮 王陵 長明燈과 佛敎石造物의 關係 = 101
• Ⅵ. 맺음말 = 104
• 【圖面】 = 108
• 【參考文獻】 = 111
• 【圖版·表 目錄】 = 117
• 【圖版】 = 125
• 【表】 = 161
• 【Abstract】 = 192