과학영재들의 문제발견 활동 분석 및 문제발견과 문제해결과의 관계 = Analysis of Problem-Finding Activity and the Relationship Between Problem Finding and Problem Solving of the Scientifically-Gifted

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, to figure out the characteristics revealed in the problem-finding activities, the in-depth analysis was performed on the thoughts of the scientifically-gifted over the problem-finding activities and traits of inquiry problems which they have found. In addition, the differences between their problem-finding ability and problem-solving ability were investigated. Through these investigation, some suggestions were made on directions and method of a science education emphasizing problem finding. 50 students of G science high school were the subject of the survey.
The characteristics shown by the scientifically-gifted in the problem-finding activity turned out to be; all the inquiry problems generated in problem finding before experiment(PFBE) stage and problem finding during experiment(PFDE) stage could be categorized into seven types, that is, measurement, method, cause, possibility, what, comparison, relationship, while the frequency distribution of each type shown in each stage was independent of each other. The inquiry problems developed in the stage of PFBE included more diverse concepts than those in the PFDE.
Most of scientifically-gifted students understood that problem-finding activities were helpful in raising their creativity. At the same time, they were experiencing some difficulties in the problem-finding activity.
The process of discussion on problem finding could be mainly classified into 3 types. Each type was also closely correlated with a series of steps, that is, exploring problem situation(EPS), expressing intuitive knowledge and experience(EIKE), raising questions concerning problem situation(RQCPS), expressing existing knowledge and experience(EEKE), raising questions concerning discussion(RQCD), proposing provisional problems(PPP), discussing appropriativeness of provisional problems(DAPP), generating various problems(GVP), selecting the best problem(SBP).
The characteristics shown in the process of problem finding activity turned out to be; the scientifically-gifted tried to find problems on the basis of their existed knowledge or experiences and inclined to consciously find various inquiry problems through the broad territories of subjects. Nevertheless, uncertainty in the referred knowledge and experiences hindered them from generating inquiry problem.
As per the result of analysis on the relationship between problem-finding ability and problem-solving ability of the scientifically-gifted, PFDE ability was significantly correlated with PS ability, but there was no correlation with PFBE ability. Especially, 'flexibility', one of the sub-factors of PFDE ability, was a little correlated with PS ability.
In conclusion, various problem situations have to be developed since the characteristics of problem situation in a problem-finding activity can have great effects on the result. Especially, it should be taken into account how structured the problem situation is. Also, timely intervention of a teacher in the discussion on problem finding should be practiced in accordance with the specific steps to discuss on problem finding.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구 문제 = 7
• 3. 용어의 정의 = 8
• 4. 연구의 제한점 = 9
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 11
• 1. 문제와 문제발견 = 11
• (1) 문제의 정의와 특성 = 11
• (2) 문제발견의 정의 = 14
• (3) 문제발견의 특성 = 15
• 2. 과학 창의성과 문제발견 = 19
• (1) 과학 창의성 = 19
• (2) 과학에서의 문제발견 = 29
• (3) 과학문제발견과 관련된 선행연구 = 32
• 3. 과학영재와 문제발견 = 36
• (1) 과학영재의 정의와 쟁점들 = 36
• (2) 과학영재교육에서의 문제발견 = 47
• Ⅲ. 연구 방법 = 50
• 1. 연구 절차 = 50
• 2. 연구 대상 = 52
• 3. 검사도구 및 평가 방법 = 53
• 4. 자료 수집 및 분석 방법 = 54
• Ⅳ. 과학문제발견 과제 개발 및 평가 = 57
• 1. 과학문제발견을 강조한 과학실험 모형 및 과제 개발 = 57
• (1) 과학문제발견을 강조한 과학실험 모형 개발 = 57
• (2) 과학문제발견 과제 및 과학문제해결 과제 개발 = 63
• 2. 과학문제발견 능력 및 과학문제해결 능력 평가 방법 = 69
• (1) 과학문제발견 능력 평가 방법 및 평가 기준 = 69
• (2) 과학문제해결 능력 평가 방법 및 평가 기준 = 80
• Ⅴ. 결과 및 논의 = 82
• 1. 과학문제발견 활동에서 나타난 특성 = 82
• 1-1 과학탐구문제의 특성 = 82
• 1-2 과학문제발견 활동에 대한 인식 = 95
• 1-3 과학문제발견 활동 과정의 특성 = 107
• 2. 과학문제발견 능력과 과학문제해결 능력과의 관계 = 138
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 = 145
• 1. 요약 = 145
• 2. 결론 = 148
• 3. 제언 = 150
• 참고문헌 = 152
• (Abstract) = 165
• 부록 = 167

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Frames of minds, Gardner, Frames of Minds, , 1983

2. Applied imagination, Osborn,A.F, , 1963

3. Investing in creativity, Lubart, Sternberg, Investing in Creativity, , 1996

4. Cognition and creativity, Runco, Chand, Cognition and Creativity, , 1995

5. 문제발견과 창의성, 하주현, , 2006

6. All life is problem solving, Popper, Karl Raimund, Routledge, , 1999

7. Creativity in the classroom, Starko, J, A., Creativity in the Classroom, , 1995

8. Problem Finding and Solving, Dillon, , 1982

9. 문제발견연구의 탐색, 하주현 ( Ju Hyun Hah ), 한국교육심리학회, "교육심리연구, , 2005

10. 창의성의 영역 특수성, 김명숙, 한국교육심리학회, "교육심리연구, , 2002

11. The magic of your mind. Buffalo, Parnes, , 1981

12. Creative Thinking through Science, Adolf, , 1982

13. Problem finding: A theoretical note, Getzels, , 1979

14. Education of the gifted and talented, Davis, Gary A., Allyn & Bacon, , 1998

15. Gifted children: Myths and realities, Winner, E., Gifted children: Myths and realities, , 1996

16. Creating Minds. New York: Basic Books, Gardner, , 1993

17. Creative approaches toProblem Solving, Dorval.K.B, Treffinger, Creative Approaches to Problem Solving, , 1994

18. Creativity in Science and Engineering, Standler, , 1998

19. Selective attention in problem finding, Lai, , 1991

20. 초등학교 영재의 판별과 선발, 송상헌, , 2001

21. Educational psychology : a cognitive view, Ausubel, David Paul, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View, , 1978

22. Motivational processes affecting learning, Dweck, Motivational Processes Affecting Learning, , 1986

23. Achievement motivation and attribution theory, Weiner, Bernard, General Learning Press, , 1974

24. Identifying and developing creative giftedness, Sternberg, , 2000

25. Problem Finding Revisited. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), Dudek, Cote, , 1994

26. Problem finding, problem solving, and creativity, Runco, Mark A, Ablex Pub. Corp., "Problem Finding, , 1994

27. What makes giftedness?: Reexamining a definition, Renzulli, What Makes Giftedness? Reexamining a Definition, , 1978

28. Creativity: Genius and Other Myths. New York: W. H, Weisberg, , 1986

29. Definition. In R. E. Clasen and B. Robinson (Eds.), Stankowski, , 1978

30. The Problem of the Problem. In R. M. Hogarth (Ed.), Getzels, , 1982

31. Unthinkable Thoughts: Education of Gifted Students, Gallagher, , 2000

32. 과학교육에서의 창의력 수업모형 개발, 우종옥, 강심원, 김승훈, 한국창의력교육학회, "창의력교육연구, , 2000

33. 창의성 교육의 새로운 접근: 문제 찾기, 김정섭, 전윤식, 윤경미, 한국교육학회, , 2003

34. Creative Problem Solving: An Introduction (3rd Eds.), Dorval, Treffinger, , 2000

35. Origins of genius : Darwinian perspectives on creativity, Simonton, Dean Keith, Oxford University Press, , 1999

36. 영재성과 영재교육의 개념: 피라미드 모델, 조석희, 영재성과 영재교육의 개념 : 피라미드 모델, , 1995

37. Implicit Theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom, Sternberg, "Implicit theories of intelligence, , 1985

38. Scientific problem finding in gifted fifth-grade students, Hoover, Scientific Problem Finding in Gifted Fifth-Grade Students, , 1994

39. A scientific creativity test for secondary school students, Weiping, , 2002

40. Divergent thinking. In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Runco, , 1999

41. 문제발견, 창의적 사고, 창의적 인성의 관계, 하주현, "문제발견, , 2003

42. Problem Finding Skills as Components in the Creative Process, Chand, Runco, , 1993

43. Creative: Beyond the Myth of Genius (2nd Ed.). New York: W. H, Weisberg, , 1993

44. Creativity and the finding and solving of real-world problems, Berger, Runco, Okuda, Creativity and the Finding and Solving of Real-world Problems, , 1991

45. Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation, Munford, "Creativity Syndrome: Integration, , 1988

46. Problem Formulation: Insights from Student Generated Questions, Gonzales, , 1996

47. 문제발견 능력과 화학 문제해결 능력과의 관계, Ryu, Sigyeong, Park, Jongseok, 박종석, 류시경, 대한화학회, , 2008

48. 화학 실험에서 탐구 과정기능의 평가도구 개발, 남정희, 한국교원대학교 대학원, 한국교원대학교 대학원 박사 학위 논문, , 1996

49. Creativity : flow and the psychology of discovery and invention, Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, HarperCollinsPublishers, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, , 1996

50. Outsmarting IQ : the emerging science of learnable intelligence, Perkins, David N, Free Press, , 1995

51. Problem discovery, divergent thinking, and the creative process, Runco, Okuda, "Problem Discovery, , 1988

52. Why Teach Science? Setting Rational Goals for Science Education, Longbottom, Butler, , 1999

53. 창의적 문제해결력 평가를 통한 과학영재의 판별, 조석희, , 2002

54. 학생의 과학적 탐구문제의 제안과정과 특성 분석, 박종원, 한국물리학회, , 2005

55. Implications of cognitive theory for instruction inproblem solving, Frederiksen, , 1984

56. Managing the creative process in organizations In M. A. Runco(Ed.), Basadur, , 1994

57. 창의적 사고와 문제발견 사고의 연령에 따른 차이, 하주현, 한국교육심리학회, , 2003

58. 지구과학 창의력 평가 문항 개발 방법에 관한 연구, 이항로, 한국지구과학회, , 2003

59. Defining and measuring creativity: Are creativity tests worth using?, Cropley, , 2000

60. The Creative vision : a longitudinal study of problem finding in art, Getzels, Jacob W, Wiley, , 1976

61. Multiple intelligences: The Theory in Practice. New York: Basic Books, Gardner, , 1993

62. A Conception of Giftedness. In R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds.), Feldhusen, , 1986

63. The psychology of creativity and discovery : scientists and their work, Mansfield, Richard S, Nelson-Hall, The Psychology of Creativity and Discovery: Scientists and Their Work, , 1981

64. 통합적 접근에 기초한 아동의 창의성 측정 도구 개발, 김종안, 성균관대학교, , 1998

65. The Role of Laboratory in Science Teaching: Neglected Aspects of Research, Lunetta, Hofstein, , 1982

66. Generalized Expectancies for InternalVersus ExternalControlofReinforcement, Rotter, Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement, , 1966

67. Information Processing Theory of Human Problem Solving. In W.K. Estes (Ed.), Simon, , 1978

68. 과학창의성 검사도구 개발과 과학영재아의 뇌 기능 분석, 박경희, 한국교원대학교 대학원, 한국교원대학교 대학원 박사 학위 논문, , 2004

69. The Scientific Hypothesis Formulation Ability of Gifted Ninth-Grade Students, Hoover, Feldhusen, , 1990

70. Underachievement: A National Epidemic. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), Rimm, , 2003

71. 중학생의 과학적 탐구 문제 설정 과정에 대한 사례적 분석, 김재우, 서울대학교 대학원, 중학생의 과학적 탐구문제 설정 과정에 대한 사례적 분석, , 2000

72. MBL을 활용한 과학과 교수-학습 개선 자료 개발에 관한 연구, 이국행, 박금홍, 구양삼, , 2005

73. Creativity in Context (2nd Ed.): Update to "The Social Psychology of Creativity, Amabile, "Creativity in Context (2nd Ed.): Update to ""The Social Psychology of Creativity", , 1996

74. The Schoolwide Enrichment Model: A Comprehensive Plan for Educational Excellent, Renzulli, Reis, , 1985

75. 창의적 문제 해결력 신장을 위한 중학교 과학 교육과정 개발, 조연순, 최경희, 한국과학교육학회, 창의적 문제해결력 신장을 위한 중학교 과학 교육과정 개발, , 2000

76. Conditions for Self-Confidence among Boys and Girls Achieving Highly in Chemistry, Ziegler, Heller, , 2000

77. Underachievement Syndrome: A National Epidemic. In N. Colangleo & G. Davis (Eds.), Rimm, , 1997

78. Motivational Issues: Potential to Performance. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), McNabb, , 2003

79. 창의적 문제해결력 신장을 위한 초등과학교육과정 개발 및 적용, 조연순, 구성혜, 성진숙, 채제숙, 한국과학교육학회, "한국과학교육학회지, , 2000

80. 창의력 계발을 위한 자연과 교수·학습 자료 개발 - 2. 개발과 적용 -, Ha, Jung-Won, Won, Yong-Joon, Choi, Sun-Young, 홍석인, Kim, Ji-Sun, 강호감, 김지선, Lee, Heui-Soon, Kang, Ho-Kam, 원용준, 노석구, 하정원, Noh, Suk-Goo, 최선영, Hong, Seok-In, 이희순, 한국과학교육학회, 창의력 계발을 위한 자연과 교수?학습 자료 개발 - 2. 개발과 적용 -, , 2001

81. Discovery-Oriented Behavior and the Originality of Creative Products: A Study with Artists, Csikszentmihalyi, Getzels, , 1971

82. 중학생의 과학창의력 측정도구의 개발과 창의력 관련 변인과의 관계, 김승훈, , 2004

83. Kepler의 망막 상 이론 형성 과정에서의 과학적 문제 발견과 귀추적 사고, 김영민 ( Young Min Kim ), 한국과학교육학회, , 2006

84. 초등학교 아동의 과학적 문제발견 능력에 영향을 미치는 관련변수 분석, 이혜주, 이화여자대학교 대학원, 이화여자대학교 대학원 박사 학위 논문, , 2004

85. Problem construction and creativity: The role of ability, Cue consistency, and active processing, Reiter-Palmon, Runco, "Problem Construction and Creativity: The Role of Ability, , 1997

86. The Nature of Problem Finding in Students' Scientific Inquiry. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Jay, , 1996

87. Beyond Reason: Science in the Mass Media. In Schope, J. W. (Ed.), Evolutional Facts and Fallacies, Lipps, "Beyond Reason: Science in the Mass Media. In Schope, , 1999

88. Creativity in young children: implication of problem-finding and real-world divergent thinking test, 한기순, , 2001

89. Episternologically Authentic Inquiry in Schools: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluation Inquiry Task, Chinn, Malhotra, , 2002

90. New Directions in Enrichment and Acceleration. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), (pp. 163-173), Maker.C.J, Schiever, "New Directions in Enrichment and Acceleration. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), , 2003

91. 과학 교수 , 학습 과정에서 실험활동 중심 수업의 효율성에 대한 신경학적 설명, 권용주, Lawson, Anton E, 한국과학교육학회, 과학 교수-학습 과정에서 실험활동 중심 수업의 효율성에 대한 신경학적 설명, , 1999

92. Analysis of Students' Processes of Confirmation and Falsification of Their Prior Idea about Electrostatics, Park, Lee, , 2001

93. Self-Theories and Goals: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. In R. A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Dweck, "Self-Theories and Goals: Their Role in Motivation, , 1991

94. Issues and Challenges in the Education of Gifted Students. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), (pp. 11-23), Gallagher, "Issues and Challenges in the Education of Gifted Students. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), , 2003

95. 구조화 정도가 다른 문제 상황에서 문제발견에 대한 제 변인의 상대적 기여도 분석, 이혜주, 한국초등교육학회, "초등교육연구, , 2005

96. The Laboratory in Chemistry Education: Thirty Years of Experience with Developments, Implementation, and Research, Hofstein, "The Laboratory in Chemistry Education: Thirty Years of Experience with Developments, , 2004

97. A Study of Selected Factors to Identify Sixth Grade Students Gifted in Mathematics. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, DeRidder, , 1986

98. The Schoolwide Enrichment Model: Developing Creative and Productive Giftedness. Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd Ed.), Renzulli, Reis, , 2003

99. 고등학생들의 독창적인 문제발견 능력과 학업 성취도, 과학 탐구능력, 창의적 성격과의 관계, 류시경 ( Si Kyung Ryu ), 박종석 ( Jong Seok Park ), 한국과학교육학회, "고등학생들의 독창적인 문제발견 능력과 학업 성취도, , 2007

100. Problem Finding and Teacher Experience. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Educational Research Association, Moore, , 1990

101. Problem Finding: The search for mechanism. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), The Creativity Research Handbook (Volume Ⅰ), (pp. 257-293), Perkins.D.N, Jay, "Problem Finding: The search for mechanism. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), , 1997

102. 초등 과학 교과서에서 창의적 문제해결력 분석틀 개발과 적용 - 5, 6학년 1학기 교과서를 중심으로 -, 최선영, 강호감, 김현정, 한국초등과학교육학회, "초등 과학 교과서에서 창의적 문제해결력 분석틀 개발과 적용 - 5, , 2003

103. 창의적 문제 해결력 신장을 위한 중학교 과학교육과정 연구:현행 교육과정과 수업현장 분석을 중심으로, 조연순, 조덕주, Choi, Kyung-Hee, 최경희, Choi, Duk-Joo, Cho, Yon-Soon, 한국과학교육학회, 창의적 문제해결력 신장을 위한 중학교 과학 교육과정 연구-현행 교육과정과 수업현장 분석을 중심으로, , 1998

104. Problem Generation in the Mission to Mars Curriculum. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Hickey, Czarnik, , 1997

105. The Evolution of Physics. In Jay, E. S. (1996), The Nature of Problem Finding in Students' Scientific Inquiry. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Einstein, Infeld, "The Evolution of Physics. In Jay, , 1938

106. 창의성의 기저가 되는 가설 연역적 사고력 신장을 고려한 과학교수인 STS 수업 전략의 효과 - 화학 Ⅰ의 물 단원, 김은숙, 강순희, 한국과학교육학회, , 2005

107. Towards Creativity: Problem Finding in a Divergent-Thinking Exercise. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Wakefield, , 1985

108. Development of Provisional Criteria for the Study of Scientific Creativity. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Evans, Ward, Fredericksen, , 1973

109. Problem Construction and Cognition: Applying Problem Representations in Ill-Defined Domains. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), Problem Finding, Problem Solving, and Creativity, (pp. 3-39), Redmond, Reiter-Palmon, Mumford, "Problem Construction and Cognition: Applying Problem Representations in Ill-Defined Domains. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), , 1994

110. Constructs and Models Pertaining to Exceptional Human Abilities. In K. A. Heller, F. J. Monks. & A. H. Passow (Eds.), International Handbook of Research and Development of Giftedness and Talent, (pp. 69-87), Gagne, "Constructs and Models Pertaining to Exceptional Human Abilities. In K. A. Heller, , 1993

111. The Relationship between the Originality of Essays and Variables in the Problem-Discovery Process: A Study of Creative and Noncreative Middle School Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Educational Research Association, Moore, , 1985

112. Scientific Research I: The Search for System. Springer-Verlag. In Subotnik, R. F. (1988), Factors from the Structure of Intellect Model Associated with Gifted Adolescents Problem finding in Science: Research with Westinghouse Science Talent Search Winners, Bunge, "Scientific Research I: The Search for System. Springer-Verlag. In Subotnik, , 1967