The negative impact of cartels continues to increase domestically and internationally due to economic globalization and appearance of multinational companies. Against this backdrop, competition authorities around the world are actively attempting to r...
The negative impact of cartels continues to increase domestically and internationally due to economic globalization and appearance of multinational companies. Against this backdrop, competition authorities around the world are actively attempting to regulate international cartels. In particular, under the leadership of the U.S., there has been an increasing number of cases where those involved in international cartels are criminally punished. In Korea, the control of cartels is conducted in accordance with the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Fair Trade Act"). The Fair Trade Act stipulates two types of public enforcement against cartels: (i) administrative sanction by the Fair Trade Commission and (ii) criminal sanction by the law enforcement and judiciary agency. For effective public enforcement, the Fair Trade Act has been revised many times in accordance with the changing circumstances in Korea.
At present, the Fair Trade Commission conducts public enforcement against cartels exclusively through the prior accusation system. The Commission has various means to restrain cartels, but depends heavily upon the public enforcement of administrative fines. While the administrative fine imposed on cartels is an administrative sanction, it is fundamentally used as a means of collecting illegal proceeds. Public enforcement focusing on the imposition of an administrative fine has various problems. First of all, fairness, independence and specialized expertise of the Fair Trade Commission have not been fully secured. Although the Commission is an administrative agency that has quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions, its fairness fails to match its authority or function. In addition, as the standard of the Commission for imposing administrative fines is ambiguous and abstract, predictability is low and the possibility for subjective determination is high. Because of such doubt on the fairness of the Commission and its standard for imposing administrative fines, those on whom an administrative fine was imposed have distrusted the decisions rendered by the Fair Trade Commission. Furthermore, an administrative fine alone cannot sufficiently punish the businesses in violation of the Fair Trade Act. It is impossible to regulate the individual who violated the Act, and the punishment on repeated violations is weak. This results in ineffective regulation of cartels, various social costs and finally a great burden upon those who must pay the administrative fine, as well as the nation as a whole.
Criminal punishment is necessary to restrain cartels effectively. When a cartel is subject to criminal punishment, the businesses can be forcefully controlled and the individual offender can be punished. In addition, evidence can be secured through active investigation, and the domestic standard can correspond more closely with the international trend of increasing the use of criminal punishment. However, in reality, criminal punishment prescribed by the Fair Trade Act as a regulatory means has not been applied in many cases because the Fair Trade Commission has overused the prior accusation system.
Furthermore, due to the leniency program of the Fair Trade Commission, it has become more difficult to apply criminal punishment in international cartel cases as well as domestic cartel cases. If the consent order prescribed by the revised draft bill of the Fair Trade Act currently pending in the National Assembly is implemented, the number of criminal punishment cases would decrease further.
Along with the above-mentioned practices of the Fair Trade Commission, the passive punishment of cartel offenders by prosecutors and the court are the another causes behind the small number of criminal punishment cases. For effective curbing of cartels, we should move away from the existing control practices and enhance criminal punishment, which is the strong control means.
The prior accusation system of the Fair Trade Commission should be abolished in order to strengthen criminal punishment. While it cannot be concluded that the prior accusation system itself violates the Constitution, so long as the prior accusation system remains in place, the Fair Trade Commission would want to keep its exclusive position in public enforcement against cartels. Even if the system cannot be abolished in the near future, measures such as reducing the cases subject to the prior accusation system, expanding the accusation obligation and improving the accusation guidelines are required in order to broaden the range of criminal punishment cases. The accusation exemption through the leniency program is based on the guidelines of the Fair Trade Commission, and do not have any legal grounds. Considering the foregoing, the consent order that would be implemented could further weaken the intention of the Commission to accuse cartels. It should be carefully confirmed whether the subjects of the consent order would be expanded to cartels. In addition, if compulsory investigation would be required for due process and efficiency in exercising investigative rights, the Fair Trade Commission needs to collect evidence through collaboration with prosecutors from the initial stage of investigation. Through such collaboration, criminal punishment can be enhanced.
As for prosecutors, they should actively exercise their rights to request for accusation in order to increase the number of accusation cases of the Fair Trade Commission. The fact that prosecutors have attempted to enhance criminal punishment against cartels under the current system should be noted. Prosecutors have taken various steps to overcome the limitation resulting from the overuse of the prior accusation system. For example, they prosecuted the offenders who were involved in cartels but exempted from accusation of the Fair Trade Commission, by applying the principle of indivisibility of the accusation and complaint. In addition, prosecutors have actively applied the bid rigging offense under the Criminal Act to the cartel cases. As a result, they showed the expanded role of prosecutors in the regulation of cartels. Furthermore, the establishment of a specialized department within the Prosecutors' Offices similar to the Anti-trust Division in the U.S. Department of Justice should be considered.
If the Prosecutors' Offices and the Fair Trade Commission become two major competition authorities through enhanced criminal punishment against cartels, the cooperative measures need to be improved. Such measures would include the strengthened role of the Consultative Meeting on Control of Fair Trade Offenders and improved specific procedure of consultation. Through these measures, a substantive cooperative system, including joint investigation system, should be established. In order to optimize public enforcement and improve efficiency, the abolishment of administrative fine against serious crimes, the expansion of fine/confiscation/surcharge and decriminali- zation of minor crimes are required.
The control of international cartels is gaining in importance, and the U.S. is leading the efforts. The punishment of international cartels by the U.S. depends mainly on the stiff measure of criminal punishment. Because many countries other than the US are also strengthening their restraint of international cartels, the safe haven for cartels is disappearing. Nations around the world are striving to curb international cartels through various measures of international collaboration such as multilateral and bilateral cooperation. As a result, the problems related to unilateral extraterritorial application have been resolved and the efficiency of controlling international cartels has been strengthened. Along with U.S. and Canada, which have traditionally worked closely to enhance criminal punishment, several European countries such as the U.K. and Ireland have joined the efforts and newly established provisions related to criminal punishment against cartels. In the U.S., regarding international cartel cases, an enormous amount of fines were imposed upon the involved Korean companies, and their executives and employees were sentenced to criminal punishment including imprisonment.
On the other hand, the Fair Trade Commission of Korea has focused only on administrative sanctions. Starting in 2000, there have been some instances where the Commission toughened the control of international cartels and reaped tangible results. Nevertheless, in the DRAM case, the limitation in securing evidence through the administrative procedure of the Commission was the main cause of failure to prove guilt. The Fair Trade Commission is participating in international collaboration for the control of international cartels. The Executive Agreement on Cooperation in Enforcement of Fair Trade Law with the U.S. should be carefully pursued, because it can be difficult to harmonize the procedure of the U.S. focusing on criminal punishment and the administrative procedure of the Fair Trade Commission of Korea. If only the Fair Trade Commission collaborates with the U.S. in handling the international cartel cases, there could be a disparity between the investigation, enforcement and deterrent effects of Korea and those of the U.S. due to the Fair Trade Commission's focus on administrative sanctions. In addition, in case where evidence required under the criminal procedure of the U.S. is provided to the U.S. according to the administrative procedure of the Fair Trade Commission of Korea, there would be a high possibility of breaching the Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters. Moreover, problems related to document delivery to foreign countries and breach of criminal extradition procedure could potentially occur. In some cases, it would be impossible to receive the assistance of the Fair Trade Commission regarding the enforcement of administrative fines. Therefore, an active effort to join the progresses led by the U.S. is required in order to enhance criminal punishment in international cartel cases. To this end, criminal punishment must be enhanced in Korea. Through cooperation in criminal prosecution with other countries such as Canada and the U.K., the U.S. has made accomplishments in the control of international cartels. In particular, it is worthwhile for us to review the international cartel case of Marine-Hose based on the cooperation between the U.S. and the U.K.
In order to enhance due procedure and effectiveness of international cartel control, the efforts of companies by themselves to correct their wrong-doings and inter-governmental measures are necessary. If the public enforcement system regarding international cartels were improved by enhancing criminal punishment in Korea, we would have the advantageous position when collaborating with foreign countries. The laws and regulations of Korea on fair trade should be revised in order to maintain pace with the international trend. In addition, the duties of two competition authorities - Fair Trade Commission and the Prosecutors' Offices - should be effectively and clearly divided. Criminal punishment against international cartels should be based on the treaty and law regarding international legal assistance in crimianl matters, in order to effect compliance with due procedure and enhancement of efficiency.