The purpose of this study is to evaluate Americans sensory evaluation, physicochemical and microbiological properties, and cholesterol-reducing activity in rats for the globalization of Korean style food in the United States.
1. Americans' Sensory ev...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate Americans sensory evaluation, physicochemical and microbiological properties, and cholesterol-reducing activity in rats for the globalization of Korean style food in the United States.
1. Americans' Sensory evaluation of Korean Foods
One hundred American consumers evaluated Bulgogi, Jeyuk-bokkeum, Dagkalbi, Japchae, Dubujorim, and kimchi-bokkeum. Consumer preferences for color and aroma for three of these foods(Bulgogi, Jeyuk-bokkeum and Dagkalbi) were not different with most indicating they liked these attributes. Bulgogi was preferred over Dagkalbi and Jeyuk-bokkeum was least accepted by the consumers. Consumers rated the flavor of the Bulgogi from a little too mild to just right while both the Dagkalbi and Jeyuk-bokkeum were rated from just right to too strong. Overall acceptance was inversely related to spiciness. Bulgogi and Dagkalbi were ranked significantly higher than Jeyuk-bokkeum with Bulgogi receiving a slightly higher score. Overall acceptance was higher for the Japchae than the Kimchi-bokkeum. Dubujorim was intermediate and not preferred or disliked more than either of the others. Consumers rated the flavor of the Japchae and the Dubujorim higher than the Kimchi-bokkeum, indicating that the flavor of the Kimchi-bokkeum was too strong. Almost half indicated both the Dubujorim and Kimchi-bokkeum were slightly or much too hot. The Japchae and the Dubujorim were ranked equally high and significantly higher than the Kimchi-bokkeum. We suggest that control of spiciness is a main factor to develop Korean foods acceptable for quick-service Korean food restaurant franchising operations in the U.S.
2. Microbiological properties of experimental materials and physicochemical properties of seasoned sauce
For the establishment of basic data that can judge safety control conditions of foodstuffs and cooked food a phased microbiological hazard analysis was made, and the physicochemical properties of seasoned soy sauce in each item were inquired according to the food materials and cooking processes regarded as most important factors among various and broad hazard factors. The satisfaction, acceptance and dissatisfaction levels of general bacteria were decided as under 10^(6) CFU/g, 10^(6)~10^(7) CFU/g and over 10^(7) CFU/g in the microbiological standard - the standard of British PHLS's smoked fishes, respectively. The allowable standard of general bacteria for side dishes isn't also prescribed in the food code of our country, but basic limits of microorganism within cooked food are prescribed by under 10^(5) CFU/g for general bacteria in the guidebook of US army's Natick Research Institute. The Bulgogi, Jeyuk-bokkeum, Dagkalbi, Dubujorim and Kimchi-bokkeum were detected within the range of the standard regardless of cooking. For Japchae, most of samples were within basic limits, but basic limits were detected by over 10^(7) CFU/g for agaric mushrooms and balloonflowers. Inquiring into the physicochemical properties of seasoned sauce, the result of chromaticity (L value) was order of Bulgogi, Dubujorim, Jeyuk-bokkeum, Japchae and Dagkalbi. And a and b values were the highest by 9.38 and 9.92 for Jeyuk-bokkeum and Bulgogi, respectively. The pH and acidity were the range of 4.25 to 4.48 and 0.59%(Bulgogi) to 1.49%(Dagkalbi), respectively. The salinity was 5.78% and 5.62% for Bulgogi and Jeyuk-bokkeum, respectively, while it was over 8.78% for Dagkalbi, Dubujorim and Japchae. The sugar content was within the range of 38 to 62 Brix°.
3. General ingredients and microbiological properties of cooked foods
The purpose of this study was to furnish basic data of safety, manual security and quality maintenance by understanding health control conditions of food through stored at 4℃ (recommended temperature) after passing general ingredient inquiry and cooking processes of selected items. The moisture and crude ash were measured within the range of 48.1%(Jeyuk-bokkeum) to 84.2%(Kimchi-bokkeum) and 1.13% to 3.69% for general ingredients of food. The crude fat was detected by 2% for Kimchi-bokkeum and Dagkalbi, while it was detected by over 22% for Bulgogi and Jeyuk-bokkeum. In addition, the crude protein was about 2% for Japchae and Kimchi, while it was over 17% for Jeyuk-bokkeum. The cooked food was stored for 3 days from the day of cooking. The result showed that the number of general bacteria had a tendency to increase in most of the samples with the increase of stored period. All samples stored for 0, 1 and 2 days were detected within standard range. For samples stored for 1 and 2 days, Jeyuk-bokkeum was the highest by 10⁴ CFU/g, and Dubujorim and Japchae were at a good level when relatively compared to with other samples. For samples stored for 3 days, Jeyuk-bokkeum exceeded standards as it was measured by over 1.8×10^(5) CFU/g, while the rest other samples was ranged at the permissible level. In particular, an increasing rate of general bacteria by stored days was very low compared to other samples for Dubujorim and Japchae. The number of yeast and mold fungus wasn't detected in all samples stored for 0 and 1 day, but it was 3.8×10² CFU/g and 2.5×10 CFU/g in Jeyuk-bokkeum and Japchae stored for 2 days, respectively, which there was a significant difference between them and other samples. The number of yeast and mold fungus wasn't detected in Dagkalbi and Kimchi-bokkeum stored for 3 days, while it was rapidly increased by 10² CFU/g in Dubujorim. The standards were applied by under 10² CFU/g in the coliform group. The result showed that the number of bacteria wasn't detected until stored for a period of 2 days in all samples except for Jeyuk-bokkeum. It was detected by 7.5×10² CFU/g in Bulgogi stored for 3 days, which there was a significant difference over standards between Bulgogi and other samples. It was detected by 10 CFU/g in Japchae, Jeyuk-bokkeum and Dagkalbi, which there was a significant difference between them. But it wasn't dete