북한의 국가계급 균열과 갈등구조 : 1990년대 경제위기 이후 변화를 중심으로 = (The) cleavages and conflicts of the state class in North Korea : the change since economic crisis of 1990's

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

North Korea has undergone profound changes since economic crisis of 1990’s. For the better understanding of the past and the future of the North, the changes of economic base, social structure and political cleavages have to be analyzed comprehensively. In this regard, this article focusing on the flow of economic surplus analyzes the changes of the sources and appropriation mechanism of economic surplus, economic actors’ adaptive activities and the social results, and cleavages and conflicts of the state class, the ruling class of the North.
In chapter 2, the dynamics of the state class rule in state socialist societies is analyzed. It includes the analysis of the specific features, surplus appropriation mechanism, and interest conflicts of the state class. Soviet-type society is considered to be the proto-type of state socialist societies because almost all state socialist societies established a precedent of Soviet experiences and if necessary, People's republic of China and the other past socialist societies are reviewed as comparable cases.
In chapter 3, the surplus appropriation mechanism based on the economic planning and the composition and the recruitment of the state class of North Korea is analyzed. It is a preliminary analysis which establishes standards referred to the changes since the economic crisis of 1990’s.
In chapter 4, the intensity and consequence of the economic crisis of 1990’s and the combination of the bureaucratic and market coordination mechanism since the economic reform policy implemented on July 1. 2002 are examined. The mechanism of formal economic management system which the state class absorbs economic surplus from private economic sector-i.e. market related economic sector-is also explored through the analysis of the financial system of government and enterprises. It explains the dependency of the state class on the market related sector.
In chapter 5, the changing social structure which is caused by economic changes, especially the coexistence of the planning and market system is analyzed. In this regard, Private economic activities of bureaucrats, workers, peasants, and intellectuals and the consequent income differentiation among them are examined. This analysis provides an insight into the social basis of the cleavages of the state class, especially the reformist counter elite.
In chapter 6, the sources of economic surplus which major factions of the state class possess are analyzed and the vertical and horizontal cleavages of the state class are explored. For this purpose the fragmented structure of North Korean economy including formal planning sector of government, market related sector of government and people, and the privileged sector of power elite is also collectively examined. Consequently a confrontation between the reformist counter elites, such as economic technocrats of government and the strategic clique, such as power elite of the party, the secret service, the machinery of law, and military becomes clear.
Based on the above analyses, this article concludes that a coalition for the economic reform making use of market economy between the middle and lower level bureaucrats and the people is forming. And being weak, the reformist counter elites in the upper level of state class also exist in the North. In this regard, the economic reform policy implemented on July 1. 2002 was a compromise between the reformist counter elites and the strategic clique who admitted the deepened economic shortage. Facing reform pressure from the economic technocrats and the people, the dominant strategic clique partially liberated market related economic activities. But they have concentrated scarce resources into their privileged sector, especially the defence industry for the maintenance of their privileges and integration.
As long as the strategic clique keep a solid integration through their privileged absorption of economic surplus, the North may muddle through without further economic reform. And if implemented, the reform may be withdrawn. The recent reinforcement of control over the market related economic activities tells this tendency. But the status of power among competing factions is variable. In addition to the possibility of continuous growth of market related economic sector, which faction controls the economic surplus and how to manage the social and political tension are the major factors which affect the change of dominant faction. Global agents also play an important role. Therefore any steps to increase the contacts with economic technocrats of the North and strengthen the global dominance over North Korean economy have to be taken more actively to enhance the power base of the reformist in the North.

Key words : State Class, Social Structure, Fragmented Economy, Cleavages, Factional Conflicts, Counter Elite, Strategic Clique

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 1
• 제1절 연구목적 1
• 제2절 기존연구 검토 6
• 제3절 논문의 구성 16
• 제2장 국가사회주의 사회의 국가계급과 분파갈등 18
• 제1절 국가계급과 경제관리체계 19
• 1. 주변부 사회의 국가계급 20
• 2. 국가사회주의 사회의 국가계급 24
• 3. 관료적 경제조정기제의 특성과 변화 33
• 제2절 국가계급의 구성과 충원 37
• 1. 당·국가체제와 국가계급의 구성 37
• 2. 국가계급의 충원 42
• 제3절 국가계급 균열구조와 분파갈등 44
• 1. 국가사회주의 사회의 이익갈등 44
• 2. 국가계급 균열구조와 분파갈등 50
• 3. 국가계급 지배의 동태성 58
• 제3장 북한의 계획경제체제 구축과 국가계급 63
• 제1절 계획경제체제와 국가 및 기업 재정구조 64
• 1. 사회주의적 소유관계 확립 64
• 2. 계획경제체제 구축과 관료적 조정 70
• 3. 국가재정과 기업재정 84
• 제2절 당·국가체제와 국가계급의 구성 91
• 1. 당 관료체제의 구성 91
• 2. 국가 관료체제의 구성 101
• 제3절 정치적 계층화와 국가계급의 충원 108
• 1. 공업화의 진전과 직업별 인구구성 변화 108
• 2. 성분분류와 정치적 계층화 111
• 3. 국가계급의 충원 116
• 제4장 북한의 1990년대 경제위기와 경제관리체계 변화 122
• 제1절 1990년대 경제위기와 시장 발달 123
• 1. 경제위기 심화와 산업구조 변화 123
• 2. 4대 시장 형성과 시장화 진전 130
• 제2절 계획경제와 시장의 결합 136
• 1. 현실성과 실리 보장 원칙 136
• 2. 계획지표 및 작성단계 축소와 생산관리체계 개선 141
• 3. 가격 개혁과 무역 분권화 145
• 제3절 국가재정구조 변화와 기업 독립채산제 강화 151
• 1. 국가재정구조의 변화 151
• 2. 기업의 독립채산제 강화 157
• 제5장 북한 관료 및 주민의 자산축적과 사회구조 변화 160
• 제1절 관료들의 시장친화적 부패확산과 자산축적 161
• 1. 개혁기 관료부패의 특징 162
• 2. 재산권의 비공식 이행과 시장활용형 자산축적 164
• 3. 공적 자산 약탈과 시장유착형 자산축적 168
• 제2절 주민들의 사적 경제활동과 자산축적 172
• 1. 도·소매망 발달과 상업유통 및 운수 172
• 2. 가내수공업과 국유기업 설비 임차 상품생산 178
• 3. 사금융 발달과 주택 거래 181
• 제3절 소득 불균등 심화와 사회구조 변화 184
• 1. 소득 분화와 불균등 심화 184
• 2. 유산계급의 형성과 사회구조의 변화 197
• 제6장 북한의 국가계급 균열구조 변화와 분파갈등 209
• 제1절 분할경제구조와 경제잉여 배분 210
• 1. 대내외 분할경제구조 210
• 2. 특권적 경제영역과 경제잉여 배분 218
• 제2절 수직적 균열구조 변화와 탈(脫)계획경제 연대 222
• 1. 수직적 균열구조 변화 222
• 2. 중하층관료와 주민간 탈계획경제 연대 226
• 제3절 수평적 균열구조 변화와 분파갈등 229
• 1. 수평적 균열구조 변화 229
• 2. 경제정책 변화와 분파갈등 235
• 제7장 결론 248
• 참고문헌 254
• Abstract 282