Due the rapid economic growth, real estate development projects have increased remarkably since 1980 with vigorous real estate activities.
Thus, real estate finance markets for various real estate development projects and their financing have develop...
Due the rapid economic growth, real estate development projects have increased remarkably since 1980 with vigorous real estate activities.
Thus, real estate finance markets for various real estate development projects and their financing have developed considerably, while the accidents of real estate transaction have increased rapidly.
There are various factors affecting such real estate transaction accidents, and the reality is that such accidents may occur anytime and anywhere.
Meanwhile, the government has made multi-faceted efforts to prevent accidents of real estate transaction and enhance transparency of real estate transaction by introducing Public Certified Real Estate Broker System, computerization of registry, application for registration through judicial scriveners, and the like, but such efforts have resulted only in granting to certain professionals the privilege of monopolizing the real estate transaction services rather than improving the systems for transparency or safe real estate transactions.
The real estate transactions handled by those professionals have been opaque than transparent, and the efforts for a safe real estate transaction system has only resulted in operation of an insurance system for the possible accidents during their services; the whole system has been rooted, ironically, to the effect that the contracting parties should be responsible for any defect of their rights to the real estate.
Currently, the United States who puts highest priority on transparent and safe real estate transactions operates a real estate escrow system which serves to not only prevent accidents of real estate transaction but also check dual transactions or false contracting for transparent real estate transaction, and further, prevent evasions of national or local taxes.
In Korea, the real estate transaction accidents account for more than 70% of the annual civil lawsuits, while the real estate transactions amount to more than 30 billion won annually. Therefore, it is deemed essential to introduce a real estate escrow system preventing evasions of the capital gain tax by means of dual contracting and the acquisition and registration taxes by means of omission of the intermediary registrations, but the government has still to consider introducing such an escrow system.
The reason why the government hesitates to introduce an escrow system may be that real estate brokers, judicial scriveners and lawyers have long been privileged to monopolize the real estate transaction services and therefore, that they resist to any policy change unfavorable to their interests. Thus, the reality is that the real estate transactions are closed and opaque enough to allow for false transaction prices reported and evasion of the capital gain tax by means of dual contracting or omission of the intermediary registrations before closure of the transaction for another contract with a third party and evasion of acquisition and registration taxes thereby.
An escrow system must serve to make transparent the real estate transactions because every record about transaction should be managed by a neutral third party and because the fund related to the transaction should be fairly managed by an escrow account, and further, it may well be used as a risk hedge for the MBS.
The escrow system has various advantages in terms of transparent and safe real estate transactions. The expected effects of the escrow system can be summed up as follows;
1) The most useful advantage of the escrow system is the effect of simultaneous performances of right and obligation, which means that as soon as the escrow company pays the price to the seller, the ownership of the real estate is transferred to the buyer on the registry. Therefore, the escrow system may well serve the parties concerned by managing the money in a proper and legal way, while ensuring the simultaneous performances of right and obligation in the real estate transactions.
2) An escrow company informs the parties concerned whether every condition has been fulfilled before transfer of the real estate ownership, while playing the role of exchanging money with document and keeping every document and evidence about real estate real estate transactions and their processes to ensure transparency of transactions. So, the escrow system prevents dual contracting, false contracting and any other secret transactions, and therefore, it may well be the best system for the open real estate transactions based on actual prices.
3) Under the escrow system, parties concerned will not deal in payments or other money until the legal closure of the transaction but deal in the transaction through an escrow account opened at a bank, and therefore, the real estate transaction frauds inherent in our real estate markets may well be prevented.
4) Since the title insurance system is correlated with the escrow system, real estate buyers can well be protected against the possible defects involving ownership or other problems if these two system are operated in parallel. Accordingly, in case of Korea where the public trust of the real estate registry is not guaranteed, the escrow system may well serve to enhance reliability of the public administration by supplementing the public trust of the registry.
5) Since everything can be managed by an escrow company if it is mandated to manage everything required for transfer of ownership, the procedures will be uniform, swift and precise. In addition, clients' important documents and money will be safely kept by a neutral third party or the escrow company obliged by statutes to do so.
6) When the MBS introduced already in our real estate markets is operated, the escrow system will be greatly helpful. When consumers want to get loans, an escrow company will handle complicated documentation and payment of costs. Then, financial institutions and escrow companies can support each other mutually, while real estate transactions can be processed smoothly.
As discussed above, the escrow system has many advantages for real estate transactions, while it can be used for numerous systems related to real estate transactions.
However, what is important is that the escrow system has been enforced on real estate transactions in the United States and has been successful in terms of transparent, safe and swift real estate transactions, but that since Korea follows Japan's real estate system different from that of the United States, it is necessary to establish an escrow system befitting our conditions.
With such basic conceptions in mind, this study was aimed at analyzing various forms of real estate transaction system, addressing the problems and reviewing the real estate escrow systems adopted in the United States and other advanced nations to suggest the solutions.
Specifically, this study examined how such advanced escrow system can be introduced to Korea and thereby, suggested 1) a research model solving the problems of our current real estate brokerage system when an escrow system is introduced, 2) a research model preventing the real estate transaction accidents due to lack of the public trust of the registry by introducing an escrow system and 3) an research model introducing an escrow system for effective management of the risks in the mortgage market. Then, this study was concluded by discussing differences between such research models and conventional ones in terms of efficiency.
Lastly, based on such research models developed, this study analyzed their expected effects on our economy in terms of national and local tax revenues and social effects.
The results of this study were based partly on researcher's personal knowledge and data acquired through the careers of vice-president of a US title insurance company branch in Korea, public certified real estate broker, educator/instructor and current job engaged in a real estate PF service.
The data and numerous books about real estate transaction systems and transparent real estate transactions collected by the researcher for a long period were very useful to this study. So, it is hoped that this study will conduce to future studies about introduction of a real estate escrow system not yet established in Korea.