The North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women migrated in their teenage, before their becoming adults, crossed the national borderline in the historical and political situation between two Koreas and went through the migration as a woman, which woul...
The North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women migrated in their teenage, before their becoming adults, crossed the national borderline in the historical and political situation between two Koreas and went through the migration as a woman, which would entirely affect their life and identity, living in Korean society. This study intends to examine the effect of migration process and experience on the identity formation of North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women when the nationality and the ethnicity do not guarantee their security anymore. This study, especially, focuses on the role of gender in each context and how gender is linked to migrants' search for social locations in Korea.
Research findings are as follow.
First, North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women suffered from the serious economic difficulties and the crisis of social systems in their childhood, which was 1990's. They did not go through appropriate socialization processes due to the social collapse such as family dissolution and social function discontinuation happening in North Korea. It indicates that the 1.5th generation North Korean immigrants were not trained to internalize social and cultural ideologies of North Korea and did not have enough resources to form their identity related to national cultures.
Second, unlike other 1.5th generation migrants, most of the 1.5th generation North Korean women migrated alone not with a family or not following parents. Even though they are currently living with a family in South Korea, it has been made step-by step. Quite a few of them experienced the refuge and the migration process alone in China or other third countries without any help from the family. There are many single 1.5th generation migrants of North Korea, who are likely to be exposed at risk, without protection and support, in the course of migration.
During the migration, North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women realize the lack of a country and the lack of a personal status to protect themselves, and compose changeable identities as passing boundaries. The instability from the 'nonexistence of a country' has them think of who they are and where they are located. One's vulnerability to discrimination and violence, caused by the unstable status, and the experience incapable of insisting any rights influences to construct their perception about the country. Also, the experience crossing over the borderlines may function as a resource to extend their perception frame.
Third, even after the entry, North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women are faced with unstable circumstance. North Korean immigrants below age 20 cannot be given the housing support in the case of no relations. Although the family is in Korea, some stay in a group home for an economical reason or a personal reason such as parents' remarriage. If the housing problem is not solved, it would affect general aspects of life, study, human relations, and identity formation of North Korean 1.5th generation migrants and it would also prevent them from having psychological stability and the sense of belonging. If the family is already dissolved and restructured, if the function of a family is weakened, and if there is no migration community of North Koreans, then, it is difficult to assure the basis of cultural identity formation.
Fourth, Korean society treats with North Koreans as different from us, restructures South Korean society as a homogeneous group, and enforces North Korean to be the subject who assimilates into South Korean society without any acceptance of differences between two Koreans.
Fifth, North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women consider their identity and their social position, and build the perception on the country, the ethnicity, and the gender. They search for the method to compose the identity not in a way returning to North Korea, considering their current social locations. The national identity is determined by the non/acquisition of a nationality with which the country gives the minimal settlement for the stability of legal status. Composing the national identity based on the nationality is one of efforts to become 'Korean' in Korean society that is quite unfriendly to them. Unfortunately, however, the meaning of the identity is not stable because of the distance to a native Korean identity.
In this situation, North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women recognize the possibility to overcome the boundary not with nation-state but with their gender. For women, the gender becomes the resource to cross not only physical boundaries but also perceptional categories, 'a person of which country'. Once North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women is not considered in a national category, they could come into the Korean social context by the medium of Korean males in a sexualized way.
This study examines the method of identity composition in North Korean 1.5th generation migrant women, focusing on their experience and positioning, which reveals the migrants' characteristics, that the 1.5th generation of North Korean owns, and their personal properties, age and sex, that were just ambiguously grouped as 'defectors' in the past. The current study also argues that the 1.5th generation North Korean women are interested in the gender as a tool to explain the self and to set their social location, which indicates that the condition of membership is composed in a sexualized way. By showing the impossibility to explain the existence of migrants in the old frame, such as a nation or an ethnicity, this study contributes to suggesting the necessity to imagine other membership conditions and to consider national boundaries.
Conclusively, this study insists that the essential support for migrants is to present the language with which they explain and locate themselves in Korean society, just more than the legal guarantees of their status or substantial aids. Migration influences the host society as well as migrants. As they are trying to be accustomed to a new society, the host country also ought to think of how to meet migrants and to change, if necessary. It is an important question how to perceive new comers under the condition that people existing in the nation-state but not having a membership are increased. This study, finally, suggests that people belonging to out-groups, based on the national standard, need to be discussed again in the relations with societies and individuals as well as the country as to the membership of communities.