This article is aims to study the U. S. Supreme Court decision and academic research about the 'unenumerated rights' and the Ninth Amendment, to make a clear the meaning of Article 37 Section 1 originating in the Ninth Amendment.
The Ninth Amendment ...
This article is aims to study the U. S. Supreme Court decision and academic research about the 'unenumerated rights' and the Ninth Amendment, to make a clear the meaning of Article 37 Section 1 originating in the Ninth Amendment.
The Ninth Amendment becomes part of the U. S. Constitution in 1791, as a outcome of dispute between Federalists and Anti-federalists.
The Ninth Amendment is affirmation of Constitution framer's belief that people's rights can be recognized by development of their values, and that concept, sphere of rights is extended in correspondence with a change of society. However, until the meaning as a source of unenumerated rights is illuminated in 1965, Griswold v. Connecticut, the Ninth Amendment has been forgotten.
After this decision, It has been seriously begun discussion about the meaning of the Ninth Amendment, and it is developed in various theories, the Federal Powers Limits Model, the Individual Rights Confirmation Model, the State Law Rights Model, the Political Principles Model etc. Now, the Ninth Amendment rights analysis is powerfully proposed as a substitution of Substantive Due Process analysis in approaching right to die, homosexual rights, etc.
After all, the purpose of those various theories, the Ninth Amendment rights analysis is 'expansion of the people's unenumerated rights'. The Unenumerated rights issue which is actualized in judicial process is an important part of Supreme Court's the judicial review power.
In analysing personal autonomy unenumerated rights, the Substantive Due Process approach brings about serious obstacle in expansion of the enumerated rights, because it focuses on the fundamentality of the right, traditional and collective conscience of people, but according to the Ninth Amendment approach, it reinforces the individual rights by which it makes the state prove if the concerned behavior is substantially private, it has an effect on harm to others or society. By this approach, opinions that requires recognition of the rights to die, homosexual rights, right to use drugs etc. are continuously developed.
When discussion about the Ninth Amendment is incorporated into our study, it has limits, because of difference in both countries' bill of rights system. But the starting point of critical mind is the same, on which one is subsumed, justified into the scope of constitutional protection among the man's diverse behaviors.
Generally, as to Article 37 Section 1, it has been meant a kind of confirmation about preexistence nature, comprehension of rights. However, by expanding new living domain, for protection of social minorities' rights, the interpretation of Constitution must contribute to strengthen the normative power of Constitution through active interpretation about Article 37 Section 1.
In my opinion, giving the meaning of the source of rights to Article 37 Section 1, in each fundamental rights provisions, it plays a role in constitutional basis of penumbral unenumerated rights of each guarantees, in other unenumerated rights, it plays a role in active constitutional source, at the same time, the Articla 10, the dignity of human being, the pursuit of happiness is used as the criterion of other unenumerated rights. In this way, “people's all rights” is protected without deficiency.
The Ninth Amendment and the Article 37 Section 1 are obvious constitutional confirmation on which the potential rights of the people are infinite, it is impossible to explain, enumerate the rights, are constitutional source of the new revealed rights in the process of expansion of human being's cognition.