This study was a basic research on availability of forgiveness to solve marital conflict between couples of Korea effectively. The purpose of this study was to test if empathy and forgiveness mediate the effect of marital conflict on maladjustment(i.e...
This study was a basic research on availability of forgiveness to solve marital conflict between couples of Korea effectively. The purpose of this study was to test if empathy and forgiveness mediate the effect of marital conflict on maladjustment(i.e. anger, aggression, and marital satisfaction).
The research questions were as follows:
First, how much do marital conflict, mediating variables(empathy and forgiveness), and psychological maladjustment(anger, aggression, marital satisfaction) correlate each other?
Second, do empathy and forgiveness mediate the effect between marital conflict and psychological maladjustment?
The subjects consisted of 660 married people(320 women and 340 men) who experienced marital conflict in Seoul, Gyeonggido, Gwangju, Incheon, and Daejeon. The instruments were Marital Conflict Scale(Lee, 1997), Anger Scale(Jeon et al., 1997), Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory(BDHI; Buss & Durkee, 1957), Marital Satisfaction Scale(MSS; Roach et al., 1981), Enright Forgiveness Inventory(EFI; Subkoviak et al., 1995), and Empathy Scale(Jeon, 2003). To address the research questions, correlation analyses by SPSS and path analyses by AMOS were conducted.
The higher marital conflicts were, the higher anger and aggression became but the lower marital satisfaction, empathy, and forgiveness got. The higher empathy was, the higher forgiveness got. This suggests that the higher the empathy to partner or partner's violences is, the intention or tendency to forgive partner can be enhanced. On the other hand, the higher empathy and forgiveness were, the lower anger and aggression became but the higher marital satisfaction got. This suggests that those who have high level of empathy and forgiveness can overcome the negative affects like anger and aggression, reinforce the prosocial behavior, and therefore have high level of marital satisfaction about marital lives on the whole.
Second, empathy and forgiveness were found to mediate the relationship between marital conflict and psychological maladjustment. Compared to the rival model 1(empathy and forgiveness partial mediating model) and the rival model 2(full model), the research model(empathy and forgiveness fully mediating model) had the best fit to the empirical data(i. e. (df=87, n=660)=331.12, p=.000, TLI=.965, CFI=.978, RMSEA=.043).
According to the standardization estimate of the research model, it was revealed that marital conflicts to empathy, empathy to forgiveness, and forgiveness to psychological maladjustment were significant(β = -.89, p<.001, β = .95, p<.001, β = -.84, p<.001, respectively). That is, marital conflicts affected psychological adjustment―anger, aggression, and marital satisfaction―by the mediation of empathy and forgiveness. Thus the mediating effects of empathy and forgiveness were supported between marital conflicts and psychological maladjustment.
There are some implications in this study. First, the results of this study showed that the higher marital conflicts were, the higher anger and aggression became but the lower marital satisfaction got. These suggest that the researchers need to develop and conduct the systematic and practical marital education program or marital intervention program to help the couples to minimize the marital conflict and cope effectively with them and change couple relationship better.
Second, this study can be a help to understand the influences of marital conflicts on psychological maladjustment more deeply, and the function and role of forgiveness is needed to heal and solve marital conflicts.
Third, it was found that empathy which played a mediating role in this study was a dynamic factor that might enhance forgiveness in the psychological procedures of forgiveness. The more the victim sympathizes the offender is, the less the motivation to revenge the offender becomes and the higher the altruistic motivation to take care of the offender gets.
Fourth, among mediation models, the research model(empathy and forgiveness fully mediating model) had the best fit to the empirical data. Thus the research model can be a counseling model to enhance marital adjustment and recovery of the relationship, and therefore this study can be a groundwork to provide useful information to explore the intervention program to prevent and treat marital conflicts.
Fifth, in this study the researcher identified the 3-factor structure through the confirmatory factor analysis of the forgiveness scale and used the short-form of 30 questionnaires to analyze the data. This suggests that it is needed to develop forgiveness scale well-equipped with factor validity and reliability suitable to Korean people considering the cultural differences in forgiveness.