중년기 가구의 노인 및 자녀 세대 부양과 노후 준비와의 관계 : 유치원, 초중고 재학생 자녀를 둔 가구를 중심으로 = (The) relationship between older and children generation support and retirement preparation in the middle-aged household

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This research intented to investigate the relationship between the load of support for the children and the old parents and the retirement preparation in the middle-aged household, which was operated by using 2006 raw data of statistics of household by the Bureau of National Statistics and by additional using of raw data of 2005 social statistics. The author assumed that educational expenditure for their children generation and the transfer expenditure for the older generation have an effect on their retirement preparation, which made the author limit the target population to households who live in the same house with the over kindergartner children and without the older. The author has used SAS program (9.1.3 version) to investigate the research task and has obtained the following conclusions.
First, the research found that, among the middle-aged household, the substantial number of 16.4% have not signed to public pension. Since the target population was restricted to working households which consist of both office workers and manufacturing workers except the workers who do business independently, every households except for the waived for payment are supposed to have signed to public pension and have delivered involuntarily. Nevertheless, the fact that the substantial number of targeted households have not expended the amount of money demonstrates that they have been exempted from the duty or have not performed the duty through unexpected ways.
Second, the findings shows that whether the households have prepared for their retirement or not considerably depends on their economic status. According to the comparisons of the socio- populational and economic idiosyncrasies among the targeted population, depending on the fact whether they have singed to public pension or not, the subscription rate among the groups which are considered as stable employments are considerably different from the rate among the groups which are not and the same result have come from the spouses' employment comparison.
Third, the load of their children support in the middle-aged generation has an effect on their retirement preparation. Even the groups which have not prepared for their retirement, that is to say, have no expending for the public pension have been expending over 300,000 won at average a month for their children's education, which implicates that while they are willing to invest to their children, they do not feel the seriousness of their own lives after retirements. Nonetheless the fact that the rate of non-preparation for the retirement decreases as the children's grades increase, many of the households still have no expenditure for the public pension, which implies that higher education period following secondary education period needs more money injection, which implicates that the middle-aged parents's retirement preparations is getting more difficult.
Fourth, the finding also shows that, as the first child's school year increases, the weight and the amount of the average educational expenses varies considerably depending on the groups. When First child's school year is kindergarten, it has the most frequency in the lowest portion of education expenditure lowest portion. But as the first child's school year increase, it has the most frequency in the highest portion of education expenditure lowest portion. This result tendency is same with education expenditure. This is interpreted as the educational over- consumption, which is possible to be problematic because general overconsumption for education may lead to decrease the possibility of retirement preparation.
Fifth, the weight and amount of the transferring expenses to other households affect the retirement preparation, but are different from the research expectation. The author expected that the load of support for the old parents generation would have a negative effect on the retirement preparation. However, in reality, the old parents support is only possible for the households who have economic allowances. This part needs to be left for more elaborate diagnoses.
Sixth, the possibility of retirement preparation is higher when domestic economy goes in to the black than red ink balance when it is in red-ink and about 21% of red-ink living households are not preparing for their retirement.
Seventh, the research partly suggests that the middle-aged households shows the tendency of overconsumption. As the author suggests in the sixth conclusion, up to 19.1% out of the whole targeted population is in red-ink living condition while they are preparing for the retirement. Surprisingly, their whole expenditure except for the expenses for the public pension and social insurance is more than those of black-ink households and, especially, the deviation for the educational expenses are greater than any other item investigated.
Eighth, although crossing-over diagnosis between support load expenditure (educational expenses+transfer expenses to other households) and retirement preparation does not show constant findings, they shows overall tendency that the groups who expend for their parents have economic space and prepare for their own retirement. The findings also show that the group which prepares their retirements the most are divided into two groups who have the middle level weight for the educational expenses, comparing to the high level weight for the old parents support and who have high level weight for the educational expenses, comparing to the middle level weight for the old parents support. In other words, the findings suggest that for the present middle-aged households who are afford to maintain constant payment for public pension have provided support for their old parents and have expended substantial amount for the education.
Ninth, the factors which increase the possibility for the middle-aged households' retirement preparation depend not on the actual income or the degree of households' income but on the employment variables of the head of a household and their spouses. In addition, the possibility of retirement preparation precipitates when the first child's school year is the secondary school, which suggests that the middle-aged generation needs more progressive strategy for the preparation for their retirement because the full-scale retirement preparation is supposed to begin at this period. Based on the fact that one of the reasons which causes the households economically deficit is the high level weight of the educational expenses or the high amount of money for it, for the households who maintain deficit operation because of the immoderate educational expenses, it is presumed for the plausibility of retirement preparation to be decreased. However, in the case of transfer expenditure to other household, this tendency goes in the opposite way that the higher the transfer expenditure is, the higher the possibility of the retirement preparation. This finding reflects the traditional strategy that the old parents invest to their children what they have. Even in the case, however, they have some rule of investment. When the children are not in good economic condition, the parents invest their money primarily to education and then to preparation for their own retirement and old parents' support, which implicates that the private transfer income from their children is considered as unstable income source to the old generation.
The research results suggest several implications to social welfare such as followings. The retirement preparation in the middle-aged household in Korea is affected by a variety of dynamics. The mistrust against current representative, nation led retirement preparation policy, public pension, partly increases unprepared retiree rate by this policy. Furthermore, the feeling of budget limit of the middle-aged that is coming from the load of support for the old and children generation prevent them from preparing for their retirement. Despite the high poverty rate of old generation, most of the middle-aged are not afford to transfer expenditure for the old parents generation, which is contrast to the reality of middle-aged's a good deal of expenditure to education for their children. Even all the more, the finding that they have rather passive attitude for their own retirement preparation leads to the question about their later lives when the middle-aged become the old generation themselves.
On the other hand, the rest of the middle-aged groups who support the private transfer expenditure or unofficial welfare are comparatively economically stable and are engaging in expenditure for either old parents generation or children generation. The current middle-aged who have the tendency of transfer expenditure only when they have economic space would not be afford to transfer expenditure toward the old parent generation and this tendency seems to be continued and even be aggravated in the future as an index of the support for the old increases. There is the possibility that the poverty problem of the old would be a constant social issue and, therefore, there is a necessity for the counterplans which address these problems.
Besides, although the research restricted the subjects of diagnoses only to the middle-aged who have over kindergartner, the signing rate to public pension appears lower than that of the old's rate who receive money from the public pension in the advanced country. Unfortunately, although this tendency is supposed to increase as the family life cycle progresses, when the first child is in the secondary school, instead, the possibility of retirement preparation is lowering. This research also partly shows the middle-aged's tendency of overconsumption toward the immoderate educational expenses, which might result in decreasing the budget restriction for their own generation. The implication of this finding urges the normalization of the public school education and the preparatory education of the middle-aged for their after retirement lives, considering that there is necessity of transferring the main body of economy when the middle-aged turn into the old generation.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론 = 1
• 1. 문제의 제기 = 1
• 2. 연구목적 = 4
• II. 이론적 배경 = 6
• 1. 가족의 변화에 따른 부양 문제의 등장 = 6
• 2. 노인 및 자녀세대에 대한 부양 문제 = 10
• 1) 노인세대에 대한 경제적 부양 문제 = 10
• 2) 자녀세대에 대한 경제적 부양 문제 = 13
• 3. 중년기 가구의 노후 준비 관련 선행연구 = 16
• 1) 중년기의 노후 준비 = 16
• (1) 가족생애주기와 중년기 = 16
• (2) 경제적 영역의 노후준비 = 18
• 2) 노후준비에 영향을 미치는 요인 = 21
• (1) 전반적인 요인 = 21
• (2) 교육비 지출 = 22
• (3) 사적 이전지출 = 24
• 3) 중년기의 경제적 노후준비 실태 = 27
• 4. 중년기 가구의 부양과 노후준비의 상호관계 = 29
• 1) 중년층과 자녀 및 노부모의 세대간 관계 = 29
• 2) 중년기 가구의 세대간 부양이 노후준비에 미칠 영향 = 33
• III. 연구방법 = 36
• 1. 연구모형 = 36
• 2. 연구문제 = 37
• 3. 분석 대상자 선정 = 38
• 1) 출산시기와 가족생활주기 고려 = 38
• 2) 노후 준비에 대한 변수 = 38
• 4. 사용자료 = 41
• 1) 가계조사 = 41
• 2) 사회통계조사 = 42
• 5. 용어의 정의 및 측정방법 = 42
• 1) 중년기 가구 = 42
• 2) 노후준비 = 43
• 3) 가계지출과 가계소득 = 43
• 4) 타가계로의 이전지출 = 45
• 5) 가계수지 = 46
• 6. 분석 방법 = 47
• IV. 연구결과 = 48
• 1. 분석대상자의 일반적 = 특성48
• 1) 인구·사회적 특성 = 48
• 2) 전반적 가계경제 실태 = 49
• 2. 중년기 가구의 노후준비 = 55
• 1) 전반적 현황 = 55
• 2) 통계청 사회통계조사와의 비교 = 59
• 3. 자녀부양과 노후준비와의 관계 = 63
• 1) 교육비 지출 비중에 따른 노후준비 차이 = 64
• 2) 교육비 지출액에 따른 노후준비의 차이 = 66
• 3) 교육비 지출 비중이 높은 가족의 특성 = 68
• 4. 노부모 부양과 노후준비와의 관계 = 74
• 1) 타가계로의 이전지출 지출 비중에 따른 노후준비 차이 = 74
• 2) 타가계로의 이전지출 액수에 따른 노후준비의 차이 = 76
• 3) 타가계로의 이전지출을 하는 가구의 특성 = 78
• 5. 가계수지별 노후준비 = 84
• 6. 자녀부양과 노인부양의 세대적 관계에 대한 분석 = 88
• 7. 중년기가족의 노후준비 가능성을 높이는 변수 = 92
• V. 결론 및 제언 = 96
• 1. 요약 = 96
• 2. 결론 및 사회복지적 함의 = 104
• 1) 결론 = 104
• 2) 사회복지적 함의 = 109
• 3. 제한점 = 111
• 참고문헌 = 113
• 부록 = 121
• Abstract = 150