One of the crises that modern democracy is experiencing is the decrease in the trust for the political system and voting, a unique way of civilians’ political participation. Previous research has provided with various discussions on the reasons for ...
One of the crises that modern democracy is experiencing is the decrease in the trust for the political system and voting, a unique way of civilians’ political participation. Previous research has provided with various discussions on the reasons for the decrease and possible ways to avert the situation. Recently, the decrease in social and political connectedness, a new form of social capital, was suggested to be the reason for such decrease in civic political participation. Some media researchers expect that, if social and political connectedness and trust for political systems were reinstated by mass media, civic political participation should increase. Previous research, however, has the limitation that the research model has been based solely on the social capital perspective. As individuals' political participation can be seen as the output of a conscious and reasoned human behavior, explaining individuals' political participation based solely on the social capital perspective has inherent limitations. Hence, it can be argued that other variables such as individuals' characteristics should be incorporated into the research model.
The purpose of the current study is to examine variables that affect individuals' political participation. For that purpose, media consumption, societal level variables such as social capital, and psychological variables that could be found in some theoretical models such as Theory of Reasoned Action were included in the research model of this study. Using this approach, it was expected that the confusion and complexity that prevail in social capital research be minimized and increase the diversity of social capital research.
Results of the study indicate that offline network activity gave positive impacts on individuals' political participation while online network activity did not. This is contradictory with the expectation of previous research that new relations formed online would interact with offline relations and the interplay between the two would increase individuals' political participation. Rather, it seems that Internet social capital is separate from the real world social capital and thus the two forms of social capital construct two separate and distinct social networks. The way people perceive political activities such as participating in voting, discussion, and election determines their political attitudes. The results of this study indicate that positive political attitudes would lead to high intention to participate in political activities and those with high political efficacy and opinion leadership tend to show active political participation.
It was found that psychological variables explained individuals' intention to participate in political activities better than social capital variables. This means that the explaining power of the psychological variables which are the precedent variables of intention to participate is greater than that of social capital variables. The total variance explained by the two levels of variables was 56.8%. This result implies that the explaining power would be maximized when the psychological and social capital variables are considered together in a research model. This result also shows that research examining individuals’ political activities should take psychological variables into consideration.
It was found that the amount of TV news program viewing had positive influence on the trust for the political system but that of newspaper reading had negative impacts. The reason for this result could be attributed to the characteristics of the political system and mass media of this country or the way each mass medium constructs and delivers the reality to the audience. Also could be attributed to is the current situation in which conflicts exist between the current government and the conservative press which is playing the major role in the newspaper industry. Although the amount of TV news program viewing had negative impacts on viewers’ political attitudes, that of entertainment program viewing had positive influences on political attitudes. Considering the possibility that heavy news viewers might form political cynicism when their level of trust for the political system is low, these results indicate that viewers of entertainment programs can reveal relatively high political participation.
Taken together, the results of the current study imply that the assumption of linear relationship between media use and the formation of social capital might lead to erroneous conclusion about the influence of media use on political participation. The level of trust for the political system seems to influence on both individuals’ political attitudes and media use pattern. Caution should be taken when applying the results of research conducted in different political environments. In this respect, the results of the study question the validity of applying the results of previous research that is based on the US-orientated assumption that the increase in news consumption would augment audience’ social capital.