In his A Map of Misreading, Harold Bloom says that a poet constructs his poetic world by imitating predecessors' poems in a revisionist aspect, but he tries to hide the fact that he was influenced by his predecessors. This refers to the fact that a po...
In his A Map of Misreading, Harold Bloom says that a poet constructs his poetic world by imitating predecessors' poems in a revisionist aspect, but he tries to hide the fact that he was influenced by his predecessors. This refers to the fact that a poetic world can be formed not with an individual poet's creative efforts, but with the influence of precedent and contemporary poets. In this vein, the aim of this study was to examine Seo Jeong-ju who formed a variety of relations with numerous poets in the Korean modern poetic history.
Seo Jeong-ju began to write poems in the 1930s―a pivotal period in the Korean modern literature history―before the liberation, and kept to take an active part in writing poems by the late of 1990s. Although he denied it, he made the most of accumulated nutrients of the Korean modern literature as his driving force of growth, and had influence upon his successive poets. Thus, his poems were in the center of studies and discussions in and around poetical circles for a long time. However, such studies or discussions were carried out on the base of extremely positive or negative attitudes, resulting in fierce debates at last.
Although the debate on Seo Jeong-ju has centered on pro-Japanese poems in the colonial period and kindred attitudes with political power after the liberation, this study examined the true nature and meaning of the debate with different sight. A study question is: 'Why he became an object of criticism through writing pro-Japanese poems and maintaining kindred relationship with political power?' To get an answer to the question, the investigator selected his first collection of poems 「Hwasajip」 (A Striped Snake Collection) as a study text. In this collection, his representative poems appear many. And it is the collection of which time his poetic world began to shape and the pro-Japanese poems in question were written.
Study findings are as follows:
His poetic characteristics extracted from the poems of 「Hwasajip」 are on the basis of instinct by and large. Instinct is inherently an urge to move back and Midang's most poems in 「Hwasajip」 are on the basis of such instinct. According to Marcuse, life bears dualism―pleasure principle and reality principle. Similar to that, instinct consist of eros―harmony instinct―and thanatos―destruction instinct. Eros is such an instinct as respecting/concerning/understanding others, whereas thanatos is such an instinct as denying/disliking/destructing others. These two instincts supplement each other and achieve harmony and balance, thus strengthening and extending instinct. Human beings and their life, Seo Jeong-ju pursued, are those that exclude conscious/intellectual attitudes or judgments and cling to instinct faithfully. Because it is unrealistic, it cannot but be abstract, thus forming the so-called ideology of 'eternalism' after the liberation. Although the man who denies every real principle and then pursues utter pleasure, or a world that denies every intellectual judgment and then rests in the fever of original nature, can be referred to as an instinctive appearance of human being and the world, it is not a desirable world toward which human beings can move. It is only a fatalistic secularism.
More important, this estrangement between ideal and reality is accompanied by dissociation phenomena, and make the poet confuse a poetic world with social reality, thus making the poet impossible to understand self-existence in historical reality. So it has severe and negative influence upon the poet's reaction. With this limit and inferiority complex, Seo Jeong-ju seemingly wrote pro-Japanese poems in sympathy with the logic of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in the late period of Japanese Imperialism. In addition, it is his poetic limitation that made him disregard hard reality after the liberation and cling to oriental/racial things and mythological/legendary worlds.
Besides, the debate and discussion on Seo Jeong-ju's pro-Japanese poems is problematic in other aspects. The debate centered not only on his personal arbitrary behaviors and attitudes of creation of poems that were based on his pro-Japanese disposition and the absence of self-criticism-based self-examination. The kernel of debates was his excessively kindred attitude with political power, demonstrated from his social position as a public figure. As a result, he was entangled in the cultural code of pro-Japanese reactionary conservatism and degraded to the negative symbol of practical politics, thus making his lifetime poems charged as an accomplice.
In conclusion, Seo Jeong-ju's poetic world is not based on real recognition. It is the very characteristic and limit of his poems. His poetic language belongs to a transcendental world―that is, ‘a priori’―which precedes all the empirical and real things and in which beauty is achieved with the integration of two human attributes―soul's sensitive activity and mind's intellectual activity, as Kant referred to. His 'transcendental' cannot transcend all the things. Although it precedes all the experiences, it makes the poet recognize a thing empirically. In other words, he was able to approach near to the transcendental stage, but he couldn't achieve the stage due to the poor hub of his intellectual recognition. This characteristic is seemingly the reason that makes his poems read in a sorcerous or anachronistical sense. But the investigator cannot affirm it due to study limitation and cannot but leave it future thorough studies on the theme.
When poetical criticism is on the basis of creating future values, it can be productive. The debates on Midang after his death have been much degraded. If such words as blame, defame, curse, and distortion are the deadly languages of destruction itself, criticism is to present an alternative for the better future and improvement in which dwells love and peace. The criticism, theorization, and debates on literature and art must be on the basis of this basic ethical code, and its process must be based on the provable reasoning and logic as well. If an opened self-examining rational logic, which is not violent or oppressive, takes the lead in the process, criticism can reach to the fair and objective conclusion and present a new alternative for the future.
Midang's poems are beautiful, but not sincere nor righteous.