韓半島 西南部地域의 玉 硏究 : 3~5世紀 墳墓遺蹟 出土 玉을 中心으로 = A Study on the Beads in Korea southwest region : Focusing on The Beads from the burial sites of the 3rd~5th

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 마한과 백제의 분묘유적에서 출토된 옥의 특징과 성격을 파악하여, 두 집단의 문화상을 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서는 한반도 서남부지역에서 확인된 분묘형태는 주구토광묘, 분구묘, 토광묘, 석축묘로 분류하고, 주구토광묘와 분구묘를 마한의 묘제로, 토광묘와 석축묘를 백제의 묘제로 정의 하고, 각 묘제에서 확인된 옥의 부장양상과 특징을 옥의 종류, 재질, 유리구슬의 색상을 중심으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 마한과 백제묘제에서 나타나 옥은 매우 다른 양상을 띠고 있음이 확인되었으며 특히 유리구슬의 색상은 적색계와 감청색계라는 양상이 확연하게 구분되어, 두집단의 성격과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 양상은 마한과 백제의 정치, 경제적 이해관계와 더불어 변화되는데, 이는 백제의 영역 확장과정에서 나타나는 결과로 생각된다. 본 연구는 형태적으로 매우 작은 옥에서도 문화가 반영되어 있다는 사실을 확인함으로써 두 집단의 문화양상을 파악하는데 의미있는 자료를 제공한다고 판단된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Bead(one of the nonmetal-adornment, including natural and artificial materials) made artefacts are the distinctive archaeological materials which are from burial sites. In consequence, they can be served to interpret given culture’s state. The article tries to analyze two different beads made cultures in southwest region: Mahan and Backjae cultural complex.
In the preliminary informational study, the author tries to justify nomenclature the terms of Jugutogwangmyo, Bungumyo(Jugumyo), Togwangmyo and Seokchukmyo(Seo-kgwakmyo, Seokseelbun) based on its manufacture system and cooperated artefacts. And Jukutogwangmyo and Bunkumyo can be classified into typical Mahan burial system, while Tokgangmyo and Seokchukmyo are belonged to the those of Backjae. On the basis of that, variation of beads are classified.
Although the burial remains of Mahan and Backjae are evenly and widely distributed in all over southwest Korea, beads relics found in Mahan culture certainly prevailed than those from Backjae. The shortage of beads in Backjae can be tentatively explained by the looting and post depositional causes. However, it is far different from correct answer for that, since no sign of beads from un?looted sites.
Beads were not most common items for Backjae culture thereof. However, the presence of beads is still examined the periphery such as inland of Chungchung Province and the perimeter of Lower Geum River. So beads artefacts were used by the people who were inherited the former cultural tradition preferred to used the beads. On the contrary to speaking, the beads artefacts from Mahan culture as from the Jukutogwangmyo and Bunkumyo show the significant of quality and quantity; the variation of quality and color indicates its superiority that even in Chinese literatures referred that.
The burial system, Jukutogwangmyo has been found around Miho Streamlet and it is concentrated on the area. Examined beads are all the form of Guseul((a circle shape of Beads). Two kinds of Guseul are found. Dominated ones are glass-Guseul and agate-Guseul. Possibly agate-Guseul are the sign of prestige items for high?ranking societies. Glass-Guseul are more common items than agate-Guseul the dominated colors of glass-Guseul are red and deep blue. In fact, these two different colors are used in mutually exclusive context.
The burial system, Bunkumyo is heavily concentrated on Youngsan River basin and the beads' quality and quantity from the sites is very much outstanding than any other regions. Bunkumyo are divided into two according to the geographical context: the region of southwest of Geum River and the region of Youngsan River. In the region of southwest of Geum River, Cho Ok(a jujube shape of Beads) is commonly found, and Cho Ok and Guseul are usually buried at the same time. Dominated Guseul are glass-Guseul in red color and agate-Guseul. At the Bunkumyo from Youngsan River basin yields not only the Gok Ok('C' shape of Beads) and Cho Ok but also Kwan Ok(a pipe shape of beads) and Damyun Ok(having many surface) which are un?reported items in the region of southwest of Geum River. Since the Gwan Ok are found in common, the feature of beads from Youngsan River basin is summarized as a kit of Gwan Ok with Guseul. The red colored glass-Guseul are the most common except for the case of Shinchon?ri, Bokam?ri and Banam area represented as supreme elite burials.
These beads material complex had been changed with the advent of Seokchukmyol after the mid 4th century. The pattern of southwest of Geum River was altered from the composition of Cho Ok with Guseul to that of Kwan Ok with Guseul. In terms of color of glass-Guseul, red ones are were getting rarer, while deep blue and green colored ones were getting lager throughout the region. In the case of beads from Youngsan River the composition of Kwan Ok with Guseul is persisted, color pattern of glass-Guseul had been changed in different periods of time. Same as former region, deep blue and green colored ones dominated instead of red ones. These alteration is highly due to the advance of Backjae culture in the regions.
Togwangmyo is concentrated around Miho Streamlet, its distributional pattern shares with that of Jukutogwangmyo. The excavated are not more than 10 from each burial structure. Commonly found artefacts are Guseul, agate-Guseul and Gok Ok are rare. As for the color of the glass-Guseul none of red one has been found, but the deep blue colored ones are the common type. Therefore, general pattern is not consist with those from Jukutogwangmyo.
Seokchukmyo is near distributed Miho Streamlet and Middle and Lower of Geum River. Beads in the region of Middle Geum River are quite rare, but a small amount of beads from Miho Streamlet and Middle Geum River are found. This is highly correlated with the presence and absence of political power of Backjae. The glass-Guseul from Lower Geum River and Miho River are all the deep blue or green color. In context of raw material of beads, all the Miho Streamlet beads are glass-Guseul, but the beads from the Lower Geum River are quite varied.
From this point of view, beads from the two cultures are very distinctive and the variation is related with political and economical situation in two eras.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 = 1
• Ⅱ. 연구현황 및 연구방법 = 3
• 1. 연구현황 = 3
• 2. 연구방법 = 7
• Ⅲ. 묘제별 옥 출토 양상 = 9
• 1. 옥 출토 묘제의 정의 = 13
• 2. 묘제별 옥 현황 = 18
• 1) 주구토광묘 = 18
• 가) 미호천 유역 = 18
• 나) 금강 중류역 = 21
• 다) 금강 하류역 = 22
• 2) 분구묘(주구묘) = 22
• 가) 금강 서북부지역 = 22
• 나) 금강 하류역 = 23
• 다) 금강 서남부지역 = 24
• 라) 영산강 유역 = 27
• 3) 토광묘 = 35
• 가) 미호천 유역 = 35
• 나) 금강 중류역 = 38
• 4) 석축묘(석곽묘·석실분) = 38
• 가) 미호천 유역 = 38
• 나) 금강 중류역 = 39
• 다) 금강 하류역 = 39
• 3. 분석대상 선정 = 42
• Ⅳ. 옥의 분포와 특징 = 44
• 1. 옥 출토 유적의 분포 = 44
• 2. 묘제별 특징 = 47
• 1) 주구토광묘 = 47
• 2) 분구묘 = 51
• 3) 토광묘 = 55
• 4) 석축묘 = 57
• 3. 유리구슬 색상분석 = 59
• Ⅴ. 한반도 서남부지역 옥의 성격과 전개과정 = 69
• Ⅵ. 맺음말 = 74
• 참고문헌 = 76