中國 風水地理學의 天文觀 硏究 = (A) study on the astronomical thoughts of Chinese fengshui

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

China is one of the nations that had developed an astronomical observations for the first time in the world. Ancient Chinese people had established astronomical observatories and tools like Ling-Tai(靈臺) or Xuanli-Yuheng(璇璣玉衡) for surveying astronomical phenomena. And professional astronomers like Tian-Guan(天官) had studied those constantlly and carefully. They had found various of stars and satellites and had studied regular or irregular various astronomical phenomena in the sky. Though some of them couldn't be easily found by naked eyes, they had found a satellite of Jupiter in the period of ChunQiuZhanGuo(春秋戰國). That is one of the important achievements of ancient Chinese people. From the results of accurate observations, Chinese ancient calendar like TaiChuLi(太初曆) can be prepared and ErShiSiJieQi(二十四節氣) system was established in very early time.
Ancient Chinese astronomy had started from early New Stone Age and constantlly developed through X'ia(夏) and Sh'ang(商) dynasty. Chinese people in Sh'ang(商) dynasty got perfect ideas about four seasons and the length of sun-lights. They divided four directions through constant observations of the sun's movement.
In the period of YangShaoWenHua(仰韶文化)(around B.C. 4500) Chinese people had already found some constellations of ErShiBaXiu(二十八宿) and others. In the period of king Y'ao(堯), Chinese people had established the ideas of four-seasons, year, 365 days, and a leap month. In X'ia(夏), Sh'ang(商), and early Zh'ou(周) dynasty Chinese people had utilized the results of astronomical studies to many sides of their living. In the period of ChunQiuZhanGuo(春秋戰國), their important nation or home events was fulfilled by accurate thoughts of time.
All of above mentions mean that professional studies for various stars movements was fulfilled continuously from ancient China. And those efforts had been contributed to Chinese living and astronomy itself.
Because their major industry is agriculture, the ancient Chinese people have to established astronomical studies from very early time. In agriculture society the forecast and preparation for farming days are the most important things to get large amount of their total farm products. Therefore they have to prepare the accurate calender system for farmers and farming time. Ancient Chinese people need to study astronomy for survival absolutely.
As astronomical knowledge was developed, astrology had been naturally developed from the early Zh'ou(周) dynasty in China and it was used to predictation for knowing the future of Kings and Nations. These ideas are based on the thoughts of YinYangWuXing(陰陽五行) which had been established in the period of ZhanGuo(戰國). And the ideas based on the thoughts that heaven, the earth, and human are co-related each other. For the description of these relations, ancient Chinese people had used the Qi(氣) ideas of YinYangWuXing(陰陽五行) from the outcome of astronomical studies.
This idea is very simple and solid. At first, the Qi(氣) of YinYangWuXing(陰陽五行) came from the stars and lights and sank into every mountains and rivers or streams all around the world, and the YinYangWuXing's Qi in the mountains and rivers sank into every human beings. As the result of various funtions of the YinYangWuXing's Qi, all of the changes are occurred in nature and human beings can survive. That is to say astronomical phenomena and the Qi of YinYangWuXing are the most important things for ancient Chinese people.
The astronomical thoughts in ancient China had been accepted to the thoughts of Chinese FengShui. FengShui theory can be devided in three parts generally. These are XingQi(形氣), LiQi(理氣), and XuanZe(選擇) theories. The main ideas of XingQi theory is that every mountains and rivers or streams all around the world had been formed according to the shapes and characters of stars through YinYangWuXing's Qi. If the Qi of YinYangWuXing was formed very excellently on the earth like constellations in the sky, it could give fine results for human beings. The local situation that was formed by the excellent Qi of stars was called JiDi(吉地) in FengShui. The four direction's name of JiDi in Chinese FengShui like QingLong(靑龍), BaiHu(白虎), ZhuQue(朱雀), and XuanWu(玄武) are the names of constellations especially means the four main stars of ErShiBaXiu. And the names of Five or Nine Stars like Mars, Jupiter etc. and the Great Bear are still used the five or nine kinds of mountains and rivers or streams in FengShui. Because ancient Chinese people had thought the shape or inner power of heaven that correspond those of the earth.
The main ideas of LiQi theory is focusing the funtion of YinYangWuXing's Qi. The funtion of four seasons, four directions, 365 days, the directions of streams, and 24JieQi had been regarded as the results from the funtion of YinYangWuXing's
Qi in LiQi theory of FengShui. Especially main five stars in the sky and the nine Stars of the Great Bear are the most important ones in LiQi theory. Because those stars was believed as main funtional stars and the Great Bear was believed as a director of every stars except SanYuan(三垣). Because SanYuan located in the center of the sky, so it was counted the holy living space of TaiYi(太乙).
The main idea of XuanZe theory is the choice of fine year, month, day, and time for building palaces, houses, and graves. The reason why they have to select special year, month, day, and time is that the harmonized period or moment of YinYangWuXing's Qi is different. If failed to choose harmonized time, it could bring no good results to every sides of human life. These thoughts also based on the idea of the stars, the earth, and human are co-related each other, so all of three parts of Qi are must be harmonized.
The main expression way of FengShui is GanZhi(干支). It had been used from Sh'ang dynasty for recording every days, their ancestors names, and sacrifice days. GanZhi is very effective method for dividing time and it was still used in lunar calender in orient from long long time ago. And almost Chinese ShuShus(數術) are using GanZhi for explaining their theories effectively. At first, GanZhi was used for recording every days in general, but as time passed it had been strictly mixed with the ideas of JiXiong(吉凶) that was started from very early times in ancient China. GanZhi had been used and still being used in FengShui theory too. That means GanZhi is one of the most traditional thing like the thoughts of YinYangWuXing's Qi in China.
In fact, the bases of human beings are the lights of sun, the harmonic balances of thousands of stars, and the earth and its inner energy. And YinYangWuXing's Qi is the pure energy which can maintain human life for generations everlasting. Therefore the unique understanding method of ancient Chinese people that stars, the earth, and human are co-related each other, and these Qi are also co-related. The ideas can be fully reasonable and wise. And FengShui, the effective way of expressing the thoughts can be the best way to harmonize between the Nature and human beings.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 第Ⅰ章 序論 = 1
• 1. 硏究의 必要性과 目的 = 1
• 2. 旣存의 硏究 動向 = 5
• 3. 硏究의 範圍와 方法 = 11
• 第Ⅱ章 古代 中國의 天文과 曆法 = 15
• 1. 夏 商代의 天文과 曆法 = 18
• 1) 天文과 曆法의 由來 = 19
• 2) 五星聚合과 日蝕 月蝕 = 28
• 3) 四時의 確立과 置閏法 = 32
• 4) 干支紀日法의 使用 = 34
• 2. 西周 春秋戰國時期의 天文과 曆法 = 38
• 1) 西周時期의 天文曆法과 生活의 進步 = 40
• 2) 春秋戰國時期의 天文曆法과 禮制 = 43
• 3) 天地人 相應의 天文觀念 = 50
• 4) 陰陽五行論의 適用 = 55
• 3. 秦 漢時期의 天文과 曆法 = 59
• 1) 二十四節氣의 普遍化 = 60
• 2) 天文占書의 形成 = 63
• 3)〈天文志〉와 〈律曆志〉의 陰陽五行觀 = 67
• 第Ⅲ章 風水地理 形氣論의 天文觀 = 71
• 1. 方位와 地氣觀의 結合 = 77
• 1) 中商과 四土觀 = 77
• 2) 九州와 分野 = 81
• 3)《山海經 五藏山經》의 構造 = 84
• 4) 地形과 地氣에 따른 立地 = 88
• 2. 天象과 地形 = 92
• 1) 天象과 地形의 相應 = 93
• 2) 天上의 三垣과 地上의 三垣局 = 98
• 3) 五星法과 九星法 = 105
• 3. 結局의 形勢 = 108
• 1) 崑崙山과 廉貞 = 109
• 2) 二十八宿와 四靈 = 112
• 3) 龍 穴 砂 水와 山川重視觀念 = 119
• 第Ⅳ章 風水地理 理氣論의 天文觀 = 123
• 1. 風水와 人體의 有機的 關係 = 126
• 1) 風과 方位觀의 深化 = 127
• 2) 風氣와 藏風 = 130
• 3) 傳統的 水觀念과 得水 = 135
• 2. 五行과 四局 = 140
• 1) 天氣 地氣와 水氣 龍氣 = 141
• 2) 四局과 十二胞胎法 = 143
• 3) 五行法과 天干地支 = 147
• 3. 天左旋 地右旋의 龍水配合 = 150
• 1) 北斗七星과 九宮水 = 152
• 2) 山 水口 向의 調和 = 155
• 3) 羅盤의 天盤 地盤 人盤 = 158
• 第Ⅴ章 風水地理 選擇論의 天文觀 = 167
• 1. 選擇과《日書》 = 174
• 1) 日時와 吉凶의 重視 = 175
• 2) 秦簡의 五行과 干支 = 179
• 3) 建除法과 二十八宿 = 182
• 4)《日書》와 風水觀念 = 188
• 2. 八卦와 九宮 = 191
• 1) 先天八卦와 納音五行 = 192
• 2) 後天八卦와 四維方位 = 198
• 3) 九宮과 天河轉運 = 203
• 3. 造葬時日과 星宿 = 210
• 1) 星宿와 吉凶 = 211
• 2) 孤虛와 空亡 = 214
• 3) 眞太陽전次法 = 221
• 第Ⅵ章 結論 = 229
• 參考文獻 = 233
• ABSTRACT = 243