1970년대 한국 도시소설 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to find city and its meaning described in the texts of Korean novels in the 1970s. In the 1970's, Korea experienced the rapid urbanization process along with industrialization, which changed people's life style in various forms. This rapid urbanization has closely related with social changes and city has become an importance area in modern society. Therefore, the purpose of this study to find out the meaning of city and people in the city reflected in novels in the 1970s.
City is a center of social development, connecting isolated villages and creating bureaucracy, and in the end, plays a pivotal role in building a country. Furthermore, city has been the center of policy, economy and culture, bringing various kinds of life styles and job specialization. Furthermore, city has a densely populated environment and has features of complexity, convenience, foreignness, anonymity and tendency for change. Likewise, city has been a common place for people's life and would be in the future.
Urbanization in Korea began in late 1960s and it is not too much to say that it was in full swing in 1970s. The urbanization process under the five-year economic development plan led to the capitalistic society along with industrialization, and caused various problems. Politically, democratic desire among people was frustrated under the military regime. Economically, city suffered from the severe gap between the rich and the poor. Socially, farmers were classified as laborers and poor people established slums in the city. City suffered from various problems caused by population explosion, such as lack of house, human isolation, poverty, pollution, etc. Furthermore, city was populated by each of different people, causing dramatic changes in their life style and conflict between ranks and social levels. Therefore, city in the 1970s was a place that reflected the whole figure of urbanization and a place where specific practical life went on.
Korean literature in the 1970s grew under these social changes. Writers melted social phenomenons in those days in their novels. In particular, novels express social distinctiveness where it came from. Novels also express the human phenomenon which is common but hidden, better than the society itself. Novels is a reflection of active and open world, rather than a simple and passive relationship in association with various and complicated society.
Likewise, city in the 1970s was characterized with newly-created place and the capitalization of the place. In particular, urbanization in the 1970s established economic bureaucracy through capitalism and formed a cultural domination. Therefore, city in the 1970s has a comprehensive concept showing foreignness and various life styles in associated with economic situation. In other words, given that novels is characterized of reflecting society at that time, the place described in the novels implies publicness and popular directivity of the society. In particular, city in the 1970s was descriptively structured in associated with problems between ranks, establishing the foundation of the novels in the 1970s.
Therefore, a new concept of city was established in the 1970s along with industrialization, and writers melted rapid social changes in those days in their novels. Now city has been recognized as a common place for people's life in korean society and an importance background in novels. Against this backdrop, this study is to find urbanization in the 1970s, the city described in the novels published in those days and the meaning of characters in the texts.
"Chapter Ⅱ: The establishment of novels in the 1970s and their features" divides the situation of the times in the 1970s into four parts. First, "the inflow of city population". In the 1970s more population came into city than any other times, as a result of industrialization promoted by the military regime which took power with the 5.16 coup. The r egime strongly promoted the industrial policy in order to boost the Korean economy and, in the process, population in rural areas headed to urban areas. However, this policy led to various frictions. The massive population influx of city led to the serious level of vacancy rate in rural areas. Many of incoming population found themselves jobless, establishing slums at the outskirt of city. Secondly, the regime established an apartment complex in order to accept incoming population to city. Such an apartment complex has been welcomed to people living in city, in that it enables to accept more people in small areas and convenient to live in. Thirdly, "removal of city slums and relocation of villages for the dispossessed". The regime promoted a redevelopment plan on the slums of illegally built shacks. However, it caused conflicts between social levels in the process, pushing the poor far more to the outskirt of city. Fourth, citizens got jobs along with the industrialization process and had to belong to social organization. However, their life as members of social organization repressed the freedom of each individual and they found themselves depersonalized. Under this backdrop, the situation of the times in the 1970s closely related to industrialization and writers reflect this to their novels.
Therefore, Chapter Ⅲ divides the space of city reflected in the novels in the 1970s into four sections to find out the life styles of characters described in the texts.
In Section 1: "influx to city and the discovery of evil", main characters who came from rural areas discover city. The texts are Hwang, Suck-young's "Neighbors" and "The Dream of Business" and Cho, Sun-jack's "The Heyday of Miss Young-ja". The cities shown in these texts are where residents are living under the minimum cost of living and they are wandering from city to city only to find themselves deported from city. City is a place where good and evil co-exist and people are in their extreme situation in the city where their sex is commercialized and exploited. This is closely related to the urbanization process in the 1970s and the situations in the process of the massive inflow of population are reflected in the novels, showing the impoverishment and desire of city.
In Section 2: "The mode of life and desire in the apartment", texts are Lee, Dong-ha's "Louder Laughter" and "Sweat", Park, Wan-seo's "Rooms which look similar", Han, Soo-san's "Silence" and Choi, In-ho's "The Room of others" and "The Portrait of Stone". The apartment shown in these texts were found to be unfamiliar to writers in the 1970s. The apartment is a place structured by standardized design and residents are forced to live a standardized and monolithic life. People have similar life styles with their personality disregarded and in the end they lose their identity, which were criticized by writers. Therefore, these texts criticized human isolation and the erosion of values in modern society expressed in their novels as grim, standardized, disconnected and closed place of apartments.
In Section 3: "The surroundings of city and unrooted life", texts are Cho, Se-hui's "a small ball thrown by a dwarf" and Yoon, Hueng-gil's "a man left with nine shoes". The two texts deal with people's life in "an area designated under the redevelopment plan" and "a relocated village for the dispossed" respectively, especially those who suffer from poverty and their dream and frustration. These texts describe contradiction and irrationality of economic development in the 1970s which isolated people suffering from the poverty in the urbanization process. Therefore, these texts show realistic features in the slums and the life therein, focusing on how the residents got frustrated with their dream not because of personal reasons but because of the power of the regime.
In Section 4: " social organization and the desire to escape city", texts are Lee, Dong-ha's "rhythm of daily life", "How to train one's lord" and "Outsider" and Ho, Young-song's "winter's butterfly". These texts deal with the mode of life in social organization and the life style of the subjects therein. Work place as a place for living has become a necessary place in modern society. These texts focus on psychological frictions caused by each kind of contradiction and stress among people living in modern society.
Furthermore, Lee, Moon-yeol's "A snail's going out", Choi, Il-nam's "Seoul Citizen" and Jung, Yeon-hui's "Beyond the net" also describe the desire to escape among citizens. In these texts, characters wish to escape daily city life and seek a mental well-being in rural areas. In these texts, there is a dichotomy between the urban and rural areas. In other words, city is a dull and hard place for living, while a rural area is a place for recovering humanity in nature. Therefore, people in the city are described helpless in a tough world and they aim to recover freedom and humanity. They seek to escape from the suppressed structure of city to find individual freedom and identity.
Under these circumstances, this study analyzed a place of city in the 1970s and its meaning. Rapid social changes in the 1970s brought changes in people's life, and, in the process, they showed a various kind of life styles. In particular, the novels dealt with in this study show representative features of city in the 1970s, which is closely related with social changes at the time. Writers in the 1970s realistically described the life of citizens and typical character in those days. In other words, the writers in the 1970s excavated reality and answered to social irrationality by writing novels. Therefore, "city" shown in novels in the 1970s is not a bright and healthy place, but a place which symbolizes dehumanization, cold-hearted, a breeding-place of evil, desire and corruption, isolation and solitude etc. Development plans are still under way in these cities and they move forward towards the future. In this sense, with this study it is expected to help to understand the novels in the 1970s which deal with the city and its meaning.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구사 검토 = 4
• 3. 연구방법 및 범위 = 9
• Ⅱ. 1970년대 도시소설의 성립과 그 성격 = 14
• 1. 1970년대 도시소설의 성립 = 14
• 2. 도시소설의 성격 = 18
• Ⅲ. 1970년대 도시소설의 공간과 그 의미 = 23
• 1. 도시 입성과 악의 발견 = 25
• 1) 도시에 대한 동경과 물신화 = 27
• 2) 도시 발견과 즉물주의 = 33
• 3) 자아발견과 좌절 = 53
• 2. 아파트 주거공간의 생태와 욕망 = 61
• 1) 아파트 공간의 폐쇄성과 규격화 = 63
• 2) 공간의 획일성과 일탈 = 69
• 3) 가치관의 부재와 인간소외 = 83
• 3. 도시 주변공간과 뿌리뽑힌 삶 = 91
• 1) 도시빈민지대의 특성 = 93
• 2) 주거공간의 부재와 가족해체 = 101
• 3) 도시 주변부 삶과 꿈의 좌절 = 119
• 4. 조직사회와 도시 탈출의 열망 = 127
• 1) 사회제도의 경직성 = 130
• 2) 조직사회의 병리적 현상 = 136
• 3) 자유의 열망과 인간성 회복 = 161
• Ⅳ. 결론 = 167
• 참고문헌 = 174
• Abstract = 183