Despite of the oppressive government, why did so many people make response to and participate the Park Chung-hee regime? Until now, Most of researches on the Park Chung-hee regime recognized mobilization of the regime and participation of the people. ...
Despite of the oppressive government, why did so many people make response to and participate the Park Chung-hee regime? Until now, Most of researches on the Park Chung-hee regime recognized mobilization of the regime and participation of the people. However, these researches do not explain an interrelation between mobilization and participation, whether these researches is negative or not the Park Chung-hee regime. This thesis suggests a new question: how does Park Chung-hee regime govern the people? To answer this question, this thesis attempts to analyze the Saemaul movement in 1970's.
For the purpose of this study, I suggests the Popular Governing as a pattern of government. The Popular Governing is induced governance that the government-group practices for gaining consent from the people and enforcing regime-maintenance. Secondly, I argues that the researches on Park Chung-hee regime pay no attention to an interaction between structure and agent. In this thesis, I analyses an interaction between structure and agent in the Saemaul movement as apply ‘A theory of Structure' that William H. Sewell, Jr. proposed.
In summary, the result of the thesis is that: first, Park Chung-hee as the highest ruler in the Saemaul movement is a primary factor. Park Chung-hee who made and practiced ‘the discussion of the Samaeul movement' tried to mobilize the people since 1961 but his endeavor failed because of indifference of the people. However, this experience combines with the visiting Gyeongbuk Cheongdo in 1969, the political thought of Park Chung-hee which is likely to instructive leading-popular propensity and social economic structure in 1970's. Therefor the Saemaul movement subsequently occurs. At this point, the Saemaul movement was not an act of the state from the upside, despite of the nationalism, but a result of interaction between practices of the political thought Park Chung-hee and participation of the people.
Secondly, despite of the separate conditions such as rural areas, factories and city areas, the Park Chung-hee regime constructed a systemic connection between state and society. This connection was possible through restraint of community consciousness and social norm. Therefore the connection between state and society in the Saemaul movement was a result of interaction between systematization from upside and collective participation of the people that is likely to follow community tradition. Thirdly, the Park Chung-hee regime in the Saemaul movement practices a economical inducement as offering discriminative reward to a rural community, industrialization and economic development in 1960's offers material basis on ruling of the Park Chung-hee regime. However, so many problems such as gap between city and rural, labor issue and economic desire of the people arose from those. The Park Chung-hee regime in 1970's through the Saemaul movement offered economical inducement to the people for resolving these problems. The collective participation of the people through economical inducement was a result of interaction between ruling through discriminative reward and community enterprise and joint labor.
Lastly, The Park Chung-hee regime in the Saemaul movement spread a ruling ideology through the Saemaul education and the Saemaul symbols. The Park Chung-hee regime especially emphasized ‘the modernization of the country' and the regime argued that to practice ‘the Saemaul Spirits' includes this slogan. The Saemaul education in which all member of community from government-group to the people participated was a path that spreads the ruling ideology such as ‘anti-communism', ‘developmentalism' and ‘nationalism'. Also, this ideology spreads through the Saemaul symbols represented a large meeting and ceremony. Through this education and symbols, the people was encouraged by the results that they made and was aware themselves of a important social-being. The Participation of the people through education and spread of the Saemaul symbols is a good example that shows a integration between the ruling ideology and the people.
In conclusion, The Saemaul movement is a result of interaction between social economic structure and political agents such as the Park Chung-hee regime and the people. In the viewpoint of government that the Park Chung-hee regime practiced, The Saemaul movement is a result of interaction between the leading-popular ruling and the people. However, The strategic purposes of the Park Chung-hee regime such as ‘the modernization of the country' and ‘the total mobilization' failed because the disequilibrium between growth and distribution through modernization do not resolve the relative deprivation, the alienation and the coercive social order through ‘the total mobilization' bring about the resistance of the people against the authoritarianism.