위탁가정 아동의 적응과정 연구 : 근거이론 접근 = (A)study on the adaptation process of foster child : an approach based on grounded theory

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A Study on the Adaptation Process of Foster Child
-An Approach based on Grounded Theory-

Kim, Jin Sook
Department of Social Welfare
The Graduate School of
Sungkyunkwan Unversity



This study examined the adaptation of foster child due to the lack of study about foster child who is the central axis of foster system and main beneficiary and the adaptation itself as being originally related to mental state and emotional suffering of foster child. Because existing study about adaptation only uses outer perspective (researcher, foster family, teacher), it is limited, which can?ft grasp the mental state of foster child and dynamic interaction. Also, separated to the dualism of adaptation and maladjustment, outer marks like studying ability, frequency in trouble conduct has become a standard for adaptation or maladjustment. But this study deals with the adaptation of foster child not as a survival strategy or the process of power compromise to survive the new environment, but as an independent process to obtain the control and livability over environment and the result generated by continuous interaction with it.

Starting from this critical mind, this study tried to overcome the limit of materials gathered at certain point and to collect and analyze the materials over 2 years. So we used ?egrounded theory approach?f of Strauss and Corbin(1998) among quality research method. The reason I chose this method is because it is easy to find out further experience of foster child who is extremely sensitive and has deep emotion and to see how personal experience is structuralized along with the time series. This study is aimed to arrange the supportive service for desire of foster child and present matter and to set the perspective strategy for supportive service according to the type of adaptation.

This study was based on theoretical sampling and selected 43 research participants and collected materials by the principal of saturation. To verify the rigor of the study, we used the way of triangulation through out the materials, organization of peer supportive group, and verification by research participants.

As a result of analyzing original material, we extracted 259 concepts and presented 64 subcategories and 16 categories. In an axial coding, the outcomes of a paradigm model were as follows: The central phenomenon of foster child was marginalization. Casual condition which invoked the central phenomenon was largely divided to ?efamily stability collapse?f, ?eexclusion by the foster position?f, and ?escar of the original family?f. The contextual conditions which influenced the core phenomenon were ?ecultural shock?f, ?eloyalty conflict?f, and ?enegative experience at foster care environment?f. The intervening conditions which accelerate or suppress the action/interaction strategy to central phenomenon were confirmed as ?esupport system?f, ?erevelation of flexibility?f, ?enegative predestination?f, ?edesire for stable environment?f, and ?epositive experience at foster family?f. The action/interaction strategies to central phenomenon were ?ewill to power?f and ?epersuing moral superiority?f, and the result of these strategies was presented as ?emechanical adaptation to foster care environment?f and ?eactive formation of foster care environment?f. This study is to focus on the fact that one of the critics on existing theory says that there are controversial matter about being no?]principle and arbitrary during analyzing and coding materials. So we tried not only to suggest result during open coding and axial coding but to reveal researcher?fs agony and feud to set the cognitive common ground with readers. This kind of process is not considered as a lawful and ought?]to process but chance to deepen the quality research.

This study tries to find out about conditions generated for development in the experience of foster child. Existing adaptation study about foster child dealt with the need of outer interference, but this study certified that possibility of use of inner available source could offset the previous negative experience. We understand that cognitive restructuring process like self?]acknowledgement of children could be important diverging point for positive change. Moreover we found out that environmental source like various supportive system or positive experience at foster family, revelation of flexibility, and interaction with available source like moral superiority after entering foster family could trigger the positive changing process.

According to the process analysis, the adaptation process of foster care children turned out to take 4 stages: conflict stage, alienation stage, restructuring stage, adaptation and take?]off stage. Here the restructuring stage is the turning point for adaptation and take?]off. And as the result of type?]analyzing in this study, according to 4 different types which are consist of ?ewithdrawl type?f, ?eextemporaneous type?f, ?ecompromiser type?f, and ?epioneer type?f, children adapted themselves to environment in different ways. This confirmed that standardized supportive service can?ft help solve the problems that foster children are facing now. And development and adaptation of human can?ft be explained by standardized causal relationship. ?eWithdrawl?f or ?eextemporaneous?f type children lack in personal sources and ability to utilize environmental sources, so they are highly likely to have negative experience at foster family. We need to intervene before they enter the foster care and organize various psychological, educational supports after entering. We need to help ?ecompromiser type?f children bring up the ability to adapt themselves to environment actively by providing supportive service encouraging the revelation of flexibility and there?fs a need for intervention that can ease the cultural shock. Especially ?ewithdrawl type?f, ?eextemporaneous type?f, and ?ecompromiser type?f children show the weakness or lack in flexibility, so we need strategic intervention to encourage them. The ways to strengthen the flexibility are to make them introduce to people who successfully grew up in foster care in order to show them positive role model or to provide them various extracurricular activities for positive experience of achievement, programs for cognitive restructuring and to recover their pride toward original family. It would be appropriate to provide ?epioneer type?f children the chance to raise their empowering and capability as being a mentor for other type of children. At the same time, we need to provide the service to intensify the preliminary contact between foster care candidate and foster child to make it easy to build up trust for each other, because they tend to have cultural shock and belonging conflict after they enter the foster care.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제l장 서론 1
• 제ll장 문헌고찰 5
• 제1절 가정위탁보호연구의 패러다임 5
• 제2절 위탁가정아동의 경험세계 읽기 10
• 제3절 위탁아동과 적응 13
• 1. 위탁아동의 적응 13
• 2. 위탁아동의 적응환경 15
• 1) 원가정/친부모 15
• 2) 위탁양육자 18
• 3) 주변환경 요인 22
• 제lll장 연구방법 26
• 제1절 근거이론 방법 선택 이유 26
• 제2절 연구참여자 선정 28
• 1. 연구참여자 선정 28
• 1) 연구참여자 선정방법 28
• 2) 연구참여자 선정기준 30
• 2. 위탁관계인(Stakeholders) 선정 32
• 제3절 자료수집방법 34
• 1. 심층면담 34
• 1) 신뢰관계형성 35
• 2) 개시단계 36
• 3) 보충단계 40
• 2. 문서기록 열람 41
• 제4절 자료분석방법 41
• 1. 이론적 표본추출(theoretical sampling) 42
• 2. 위탁아동 적응과정의 중심주제로서 핵심범주 선택 43
• 3. 개방코딩(open coding) 43
• 1) 개념도출과정 45
• 2) 하위범주 도출과정 45
• 3) 범주 도출과정 46
• 4. 위탁아동의 적응과정 : 주제별로 묶기 46
• 5. 축코딩(axial coding) - 패러다임 모형에 의한 범주분석 47
• 6. 선택코딩(selective coding) 48
• 1) 서술적 이야기 48
• 2) 유형분석 49
• 3) 과정분석 49
• 4) 상황모형 50
• 제5절 연구의 평가 50
• 1. 연구자의 준비 50
• 2. 연구의 엄격성 51
• 1) 다원화 51
• 2) 동료지지집단 구성 51
• 3) 연구참여자를 통한 확인 51
• 4) 감사자료 보존 52
• 제6절 연구의 윤리적 문제 53
• 제lV장 연구결과 55
• 제1절 연구참여자의 사회ㆍ인구학적특성 55
• 제2절 위탁아동의 적응과정의 중심주제 : ‘자기정립’ 58
• 제3절 개방코딩과정 61
• 제4절 위탁아동의 적응과정 : 주제별로 묶기 77
• 1. 원가정 : 정신적 상흔 대 재건의지 발현 79
• 1) 가족 안정성 와해 80
• 2) 상실의 체험 83
• 3) 원가정 재건 의지 85
• 2. 주변화 그리고 심리적 딜레마 86
• 1) 주변화 88
• 2) 문화충격 92
• 3) 소속감 갈등 94
• 4) 안정된 환경의 갈구 96
• 3. 숙명론적 체념 대 운명에의 도전 99
• 1) 숙명론적 체념 100
• 2) 운명에의 도전 102
• 4. 위탁가정 : 억압과 차별 대 사회적 가족형성 106
• 1) 억압과 차별 106
• 2) 사회적 가족형성 111
• 5. 사회 : 낙인과 배제 대 담금질을 위한 공간 113
• 1) 낙인과 배제 113
• 2) 담금질을 위한 공간 115
• 6. 도덕적 우월성 추구 대 일탈적 지배력 추구 117
• 1) 도덕적 우월성 추구 117
• 2) 일탈적 지배력 추구 119
• 7. 기계적 적응 대 능동적 주조 122
• 1) 기계적 적응 122
• 2) 능동적 주조 124
• 제5절 위탁아동 적응과정의 패러다임 모형 127
• 1. 중심현상 129
• 2. 인과적 조건 132
• 3. 맥락적 조건 134
• 4. 중재적 조건 136
• 5. 작용/상호작용 전략 138
• 6. 결과 139
• 제6절 위탁아동 적응과정에 대한 서술적 이야기 141
• 제7절 위탁아동 적응과정의 유형 분석 144
• 1. 유형분석을 위한 가설적 정형화 및 유형분석을 위한 가설설명 144
• 2. ‘자기정립’의 유형분석 145
• 1) 위탁아동 적응과정의 실제유형도출 145
• 2) 위탁아동 적응과정의 유형분류 146
• ⑴ 은둔형 149
• ⑵ 임기응변형 151
• ⑶ 현실타협형 154
• ⑷ 개척자형 157
• 제8절 위탁아동의 적응과정 단계 161
• 1. 갈등단계 162
• 2. 소외단계 164
• 3. 재구성 단계 165
• 4. 도약ㆍ순응 단계 167
• 1) 도약 단계 167
• 2) 순응단계 168
• 제9절 위탁아동 적응과정의 상황모형 170
• 1. 개인 수준 170
• 2. 위탁시스템 수준 172
• 3. 지역사회 수준 175
• 4. 국가ㆍ사회수준 176
• 제V장 결론 및 논의 180
• 제1절 연구결과 요약 180
• 제2절 논의 184
• 1. 중심현상에 대한 논의 185
• 2. 패러다임에 대한 논의 187
• 1) 지지체계 187
• 2) 탄력성 발현 188
• 3) 위탁가정에서의 긍정적 경험 189
• 4) 안정된 환경의 갈구 191
• 3. 결과에 대한 논의 192
• 4. 적응유형에 대한 논의 194
• 5. 적응단계에 대한 논의 195
• 6. 생태학적 관점에서의 적응과정에 대한 논의 197
• 7. 위탁유형에 따른 적응에 대한 논의 198
• 제3절 연구의 함의 202
• 1. 이론적 함의 202
• 2. 실천적 함의 203
• 제4절 제언 205
• 1. 정책적 제언 205
• 2. 실천적 제언 207
• 제5절 후속연구를 위한 제언 및 연구의 한계 212
• 1. 후속연구를 위한 제언 212
• 2. 연구의 한계 213
• 부록 238
• Abstract 322