This dissertation analyzes Heung-seop Eum's novels which were published between the Japanese colonial era and the early 1960's when Eum crossed the border into North Korea by focusing on the transformation of the author's works and the literary achiev...
This dissertation analyzes Heung-seop Eum's novels which were published between the Japanese colonial era and the early 1960's when Eum crossed the border into North Korea by focusing on the transformation of the author's works and the literary achievements he accomplished. The purpose of this dissertation is to shed light on the overall picture of modern Korean fiction by discussing Eum's works in detail. Although Eum is a significant figure in modern Korean literature, his works have not been evaluated accordingly because he opted for North Korea after Korea's liberation from Japan and he was not a significant contributor to the literary advancement of South Korea.
Eum's fiction has three distinct literary features according to different periods in his lifetime: the Japanese occupation, emancipation from Japan, and the period after Eum went to North Korea. Eum's works during the Japanese colonial rule can be divided into three phases.
The first phase is from 1930 when「The Village That Floated Away」was released to 1934 when KAPF(Korea Artista Proletaria Federation) was disbanded. In the beginning, Eum was defined as a fellow traveler because people thought his works changed markedly after his expulsion from KAPF which occurred at the time of a critical military incident called「Gun-gi」incident. However, careful examination of his works reveals that there is unremarkable difference between his works before and after his expulsion. The author does not intentionally portray the inevitable triumph of workers but depicts reality in detail, showing progress in his works. That is why, when looking closely at Eum's early works, he should be characterized as a writer of realism who did not abandon his literary beliefs despite oppressive circumstances.
The second phase is from 1934 to early 1937 when KAPF was dispersed and social realism became the dominant form of writing. During this phase, Eum's works can be divided into two stages. In the former stage, he faithfully described reality, and in the latter stage, he wrote about people's determination to overcome hardships in real life. His works during this phase show a heightening of awareness. The frustrated lives of ordinary people, the crumbling of agricultural communities, the restrained and changed lives of intellectuals all reflected the dark side of society. The limitations of individual struggle, the growth of collective consciousness, the progressiveness of school teachers, the necessity for people's solidarity were portrayed to reveal the determination of people to conquer their difficulties in life.
The third phase is from late 1937 until Korea was liberated from Japan. During this phase, the contents of short stories and those of long novels clashed, forming a dual structure in Eum's works. Short stories featured optimistic characters who did not lose faith and rebelled against injustice in society. In short stories, Eum's conscientious dilemma and literary views about his works were revealed, implicitly rather than explicitly. In this regard, the author's way of writing differed from that of other professional writers who, after the break-up of KAPF, gave up their ideologies and tried to evade reality. The structural characteristics of popular novels were reflected in Eum's long novels such as conflicts of affection, dichotomic views, coincidence of plot, recovery of morality, failure to portray progressive intellectuals, and flight from reality. This was the inevitable outcome resulting from the author's incomplete view of the world, since he did not recognize the essence of objective reality and lacked perspective. In the end, Eum failed to find a refuge in the common world and submitted to it, bound by the limitations of national literature.
During the time of emancipation, although Korea was divided into two, Koreans were able to break free from the fetters and oppression of the Japanese colonial rule and everything appeared to be possible. Against this backdrop, the research on fiction from the emancipation period is meaningful because Eum incorporated his ideologies from the colonial rule into his literary works. Fiction from the emancipation era depicted Koreans returning home and facing a grim reality and revealed people's frustration at failing to attain an independent nation. The fiction also showed the frustration of intellectuals because the Japanese legacy still remained and the circumstances were dismal. The fiction reflected the dissipating hopes of Koreans for true independence.
The last period is the time after Eum crossed the border into North Korea. In order to properly interpret North Korean literary works, it is necessary to know when a certain fiction was written and published, the direction of the arts policies of the then communist party, and what effect the policies had on literary works. Between 1953 and the early 1960's when Eum produced literary works in the North, post-war efforts for restoration were being made and endeavors to lay the foundation to build a socialist society were carried out. Eum, like other North Korean writers, wrote about the creation of a new society and the desire for a peaceful reunification based on social realism which was the foundation for the arts policies at the time. In line with North Korean literary aims, Eum depicted reality in a simplified and formulaic manner, affirming the limitations of North Korean literature. However, Eum's works during this period can be considered important because he continued to paint reality through the eyes of ordinary people who were at the center of historic changes.