In history of Philosophy, Socratic Method has been considered as the ideal model of philosophizing and teaching instruction. From 1950s, Socratic method is usually called by ''elenchos‘ in academic world.
But Socrates himself never explained his ow...
In history of Philosophy, Socratic Method has been considered as the ideal model of philosophizing and teaching instruction. From 1950s, Socratic method is usually called by ''elenchos‘ in academic world.
But Socrates himself never explained his own method. Moreover, in Apologia, he claims that he has not any knowledge or special method. Even if he had a specific method, it is much various according to discussing partner and themes of dialogues, so it is very difficult to generalize his method to one particular style.
In this paper, I try to examine whether elenchos is or is not, and to clarify characters of elenchos. Especially I also make effort to explain why elenchos is the ideal model of philosophizing by elucidating it''s own style and purpose.
Elenchos leads consisently disputants to aporia in every discussion, and young men of Socrates'' time enjoyed to mimic his elenchos. Even some famous persons were embarrassed by the youth''s mimic elenchos. These facts is the sufficient evidence that elenchos is an ''method'', for method could make consistent results and be learned by experiences.
Futhermore, elenchos is not the word Socrates made. It is a common noun and its original meaning is ''disputation''. This point suggests that Socratic elenchos did not come out on a sudden, it came into existence in the philosophical tradition and cultural background. According to Zeller, epistemological, ethical skepticism derived from Parmenides prevailed Athens in B.C. 5C. Peoples believed that truth and false cannot be distinguished by human reason, so the success of argumentation depends on rhetorical technique. Sophists could make an efficient argument on the any side of pros & cons; they persisted that they could teach their skill to ethers. They also had a conviction that they were wise at any problem in the world and they could make others wise.
However, Socrates leads discussion with Sophists disguised by ignorance(eironeia), and by logical progress he discovered the hidden contradiction in their assertion, then he displayed their lack of knowledge. In this point, Socrates is the real ''intellectual midwife''. Elenchos is the representative Socratic method used for revealing disputants'' ignorance by contradiction(enantion).
Undoubtedly, Elenchos is similar to Sophists'' method in using ''contradiction'' in the course of argument. In fact, Socrates showed more excellent skills of persuading then Sophists'' at the court in Apologia: Contest at law was the main forte of Sophist. Vlastos exhibited the basic structure of elenchos: In the course of reexamining one''s original assertion ''p'', it is made clear ''~p'' is derived from ''p''. It is also very similiar to the dissoi logoi of Sophists.
But Socrates is distinguished from Sophists in the fact that he was not willing to make money by using his method. Futhermore, elenchos is the counterpart to the sophistic method in the fact that Socrates pursuits the Truth, not wealth or honour.
The main character differentiates elenchos from sophistic method is the ''purpose'' of argumentation. Socrates tried to persuade his disputant that their belief could be false even if they had been convinced of. Socrates was in the firm belief that the Truth is, and it is not influenced by rhetorics. This confidence is the firm foundation of the socratic dialogue which tirelessly reexamines persons'' belief over and over. In this fact, elenchos is not skill of disputation but the method of inquiry for the Truth.
The consideration in the next three aspects of elenchos will make characters of elenchos as the method of philosophy more clear. First aspect is the elenchos as a disputant skill. We can see the persuasive power of elenchos when Socrates prevailed his accuser Meletus so easily in Apologia. But the real aim of elenchos lies beyond the success of disputation. Elenchos always leads persons to aporia so that they could realize their ignorance in the continuous process of questioning and answering. The wisdom of corresponding knowledge with conduct would be accomplished by this process. It is the second aspect of elenchos.
The third aspect of elenchos is a breakthrough for the skepticism of sophistic epistemology. The famous Socratic question "What is X?" opens a quest for criteria of distinguishing absolutely true and right ''p'' and ~p in any problematic situation about X. For example, the question "What is Piety?" in Eutiphron requests the criteria for discriminating ''piety'' from ''not piety'' in any situation that ''the piety'' could be a problem.
But any answer of the question "What is X?" would be finally drawn to the conclusion "X is F." and "X is ~F" at the same time by the elenchos without exception. In other words, elenchos always leads any investigation for the definition of ''X'' to aporia. However, The aporia suggests the way of overcoming epidemiological ethical skepticism. Socrates never gives up his inquiry even though he always reach an aporia after the efforts of definition. In the way, he reaches more and more closely to the Truth, the real criteria which could distinguish p and ~p.
The fact that X still functions as a moral standard of real life, in spite of failure of defining "X", is indirect proof of existence of absolute goodness and its teachability. This point gives reason for the opinion that Socratic philosophizing could be the foundation of Plato''s theory of Idea. In this point of view, Socratic method is paradoxical skill which overcomes skepticism by doubts, and by breaking common sense, pursuits the stability of common sense.
Moreover, elenchos which leads every thinking and discussion to aporia without rest is not only philosophical method. It is also the complete message Socratic spirit of philosophizing tries to give every person, in everyday life. Socrates'' famous remark that "Human wisdom is nothing", "The unexamined life is not worth living." presents clearly the purpose of elenchos. Addition to this, elenchos breaks every prejudice and guide persons to reexamine his own faith and life. In this fact, Socratic method has its own utility, and could be the eternal model of philosophizing.