This dissertation examines the credit card policies during Kim Dae-Joong Administration which resulted in the increase of credit defaulters in large scale, and analyses the causes and the structure of such policy decisions. The focus of analyses is on...
This dissertation examines the credit card policies during Kim Dae-Joong Administration which resulted in the increase of credit defaulters in large scale, and analyses the causes and the structure of such policy decisions. The focus of analyses is on the constraints faced by the democratic government in selecting economic policies in the new policy environments brought by neo-liberal globalization and the structure of conflicts and coalition that such policies entailed. By doing so, this dissertation brings to light the decision-making structure of democratic government which politically replaced authoritarian ruling system, and its socio-economic implications.
The rationale for selecting the case of credit card policies during Kim Dae-Joong Administration is that those policies seems to be the best examples demonstrating the characteristics of economic policy-making structure of that period, to say nothing of their great impact on the Korean society with the rapid increase of credit defaulters. Studying the credit card policies of Kim Dae-Joong Administration shows that economic bureaucrats took the initiative in policy-making, and this led to the policy coalition between the government and the big business groups. As a result, it shows why and how economic reforms of the newly-born democratic government failed in the situation of economic crisis.
The findings of this study are as follows. First, even after democratization, political parties were not able to fully represent social demands and interests in their policies due to underdevelopment of the party system: incumbent political elites could not gain strong support from the bottom stratum and consequently showed a tendency toward short-term preferences as a warrant for the next election. These political elites were not able to push long-term economic reform at full throttle. This was the main reason why Kim Dae-Joong Administration, under economic crisis, chose its credit card policies as the short-term means of quick economic boost instead of long-term economic reform and restructuring.
Secondly, with a weak political party system, it was not possible to build a democratic policy-making structure responsible for the policy results through which parties collected demands from the bottom and made them into actual policies. As a result, political parties were excluded from the decision-making structure while economic bureaucrats made all the techno-bureaucratic decisions: there was no democratic political process accountable for the policy results as typically seen in the case of the credit card policies.
In such policy-making structure in which ruling political elites had short-term preferences while economic bureaucrats considered economic growth as the first priority, it became natural for existing business groups to be mobilized, rather than to be the targets of economic reforms. Kim Dae-Joong Administration needed to borrow economic power of business groups as a quick remedy for economic crisis, and it was the main reason why its economic reform had failed. The linkage between the economic bureaucrats and the business groups was the essential element that created and maintained the credit card policies.
Finally, the linkage between the bureaucratic organizations responsible for the policy decisions and the credit card companies appears to have developed into a ruling coalition through the credit card policies. This coalition can be characterized as the relationship based on interdependence between the two parties, not only different from that of state dominance during the authoritarian rules, but also different from that of capital dominance after democratization. It was also the main reason why the government was not able to properly respond to the social problems such as rapid increase of suicides, divorces, and crimes by credit defaulters,
Democracy, based on equal rights, can be described as a source of power that alleviates the effect of market inequality. However, the case of the credit card policies demonstrates that the process of democratization, unless it is accompanied with the development of accountable party system, only leads to the preservation of existing business-led economic system and bureaucrat-led growth-first policies, and result in the deterioration of life quality of lower classes.
In sum, the credit card policies of Kim Dae-Joong Administration clearly shows that, in the environment of neo-liberal globalization, the democratic principles of representation and accountability based on the party system are essential requirements for successful socio-economic policies of any reformist governments.