Inquiry into the Life Satisfaction of the Korean Elderly through Leisure Activities : 여가 활동을 통한 한국노인의 인생 만족도 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The objective of this study was to identify the socioeconomic factors influencing adaptation patterns of leisure activities following retirement and to investigate the potential relationship existing between the adaptation patterns in leisure activities and life satisfaction, and, in turn, provide invaluable data needed for establishing leisure related polices and for leisure education.
Survey questionnaires were distributed and conducted in interview style to local elderly people aged over 55 residing in Chuncheon city, and in Seoul, Korea.
In order to measure the degree of participation in leisure activities and their contribution on the degree of life satisfaction, first, 20 different leisure activities were selected on the basis of activity items used in Grabusic, C. C., Searle, M. S., Dunn, N. J.'s study. Then, the number of the leisure activities were categorized into the seven different types suggested by Compton, Edgintion, and Hason (1980). Reliability tests were conducted on the seven different leisure activity types and the ten life satisfaction items for their stability, consistency, and predictability.
The analysis methods used on the collected data were Frequency analysis, Paired Sample T-test, One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, Chai-square test, and Multi-regression Analysis, Hierarchial Cluster Analysis, and K-mean cluster Analysis.

The results of this research are summarized as follows:
1. The results of Pair Sample T-test showed that most of the leisure activities slightly increased following retirement except for the recreational type of leisure activities. Six out of seven leisure types showed significant differences in the level of leisure participation before and after retirement except for the artistic leisure activities, .222.
2. With three distinctive levels of adaptation patterns in all 7 different types of leisure activities, continuity was the most dominant pattern of leisure activities following retirement. Increase was the most frequent non-continuity pattern, and decrease was marked as the least frequent type of the adaption patterns of the three. Nevertheless, the highest degree of decrease was found in social recreational type.
3. Socioeconomic factors also had influences on forming different levels of leisure activities. Generally, the elderly living alone showed a higher degree of continuity than the elderly living with someone. The lower the income prior to retirement, the more skewed to continuity in the activities; and the higher income was the more skewed to increase. The higher the years of education, the higher degree of continuity shown by the elderly. In terms of occupation, jobs other than labor oriented showed a higher degree of continuity than the elderly who had labor oriented jobs. Finally, the retirees without any disability showed a higher degree of continuity in leisure participation than the elderly with at least a disability. Disability was the most consistent factor associated with APORLA(Adaptation patterns of Retirement Leisure Activities) of four different leisure types out of total seven different types.
4. In terms of degree of life satisfaction by APORLA, increase in most of the leisure activities showed the highest degree of life satisfaction, and continuity was the next highest factor influencing retirement life satisfaction.
5. As for the socioeconomic variables and their influence on retirement life satisfaction all 5 independent variables, disability, education, cohabitation, income, occupation were significantly associated with life satisfaction after retirement. The retirees with high school education or higher showed greater life satisfaction than the retirees with Junior H. education or lower. For cohabitation, retirees living with someone showed a higher degree of life satisfaction than the retirees living alone. In terms of disability the retirees without any disability showed a higher degree of life satisfaction than the retirees with at least one disability. For income on life satisfaction, retirees who earned more than $2500 a month before retirement showed the highest degree of life satisfaction, and the retirees who earned less than $1500 a month before retirement showed the least amount of retirement satisfaction. This particular finding indicates that the previous income before retirement still has its influence on life satisfaction even after retirement. Moreover, it suggests some degree of continuity in earnings following retirement. Finally, non-labor oriented occupation type showed higher degree of continuity than the labor oriented.
6. Regarding life satisfaction by APORLA and socioeconomic factors, the first three most influential factors influencing retirement life satisfaction turned out to be APORLA of leisure activities except for the cohabitation factor. Decrease in outdoor activities had the highest degree of effects on retirement life satisfaction. The second most influential variable was cohabitation status 1, living alone, which showed an inverse relationship to the dependent variable, Beta=-0.488. This finding indicates that the retirees living alone have a great deal of negative impact on retirement life satisfaction. The third most effective independent variable to life satisfaction was continuity in artistic leisure activity, with B=-0.363. This inverse relationship to retirement life satisfaction indicates that continuity in artistic leisure can lead to unsatisfactory life satisfaction. The fourth most influential independent variable was intellectual leisure type with B=.352. The Beta score indicated that the continuity in intellectual leisure activities had positive effect on retirement life satisfaction. Two out of the first three most influential APORLA of leisure activities on retirement life satisfaction was continuity that had both positive and negative effects on retirement life satisfaction.
7. The results of Hierarchial and K-mean cluster test indicated very specific findings on leisure activity groups and their influence on the factors comprising life satisfaction. First of all, the health related and instrumental types of leisure activities had a high degree of social satisfaction. On the other hand, the festive and intellectual leisure types had a higher degree of economic satisfaction than any other leisure activities. Overall, the elderly engaged in collective leisure activities showed a higher degree of life satisfaction than such a passive and solitary activity as watching T. V. Moreover, the wider range of collective nature of the activities, the higher degree of social and economic satisfaction. On the other hand, the more limited the range of the leisure activities, namely, solitary type, the lower degree of social and economic satisfaction of the elderly. The results of the analysis of this paper imply that the effects of leisure activities on life satisfaction are heavily dependent upon the levels of social networks and economical factors such as income status.
8. In terms of testing the feasibility in interaction effects between the socioeconomic factors and the APORLA in influencing retirement life satisfaction, education was the most consistent socioeconomic factor interacted with APORLA of leisure activities. The results of this analysis showed the importance of education that influenced the adaptation patterns of leisure activities which ultimately influenced the life satisfaction of the elderly following retirement.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 은퇴 후에 노년기 여가활동 실태와 인생만족도에 미치는 사회경제적 요소들을 밝히고, 은퇴로 인한 레저 활동의 적응 패턴들(APORLA)이 사회경제적 요소들에 의해 어떻게 분포 현상을 띄고 있는지를 타진하고 다른 한편으로는 그 사회경제적 요소들과 그 레저 활동의 적응 패턴들이 어떻게 인생만족도에 영향을 미치는가를 검토할 것이며, 인생만족도에 미치는 사회경제적 요소들과 APORLA 사이에서 상호 효과의 가능성 또한 타진될 것이다. 그러므로 은퇴노인의 여가욕구를 충족시켜 줄 수 있는 여가정책 수립 및 여가 교육에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적을 두었다.
조사대상은 춘천시와 서울에 거주하는 만 55세 이상의 노년기 남자들로 질문지법과 면접법을 이용하였다.
여가활동 참여정도를 측정하기 위해 Grabusic CC, Searle MS, Dunn NJ.(2002)이 분류한 여가활동 유형을 바탕으로 20 가지의 레저 활동들을 추출 하였고 Compton, Edgintion, and Hason 의 연구결과를 토대로 7 가지 형태의 여가 활동으로 분류 하였으며 안정성, 지속성, 그리고 예측성을 위한 신뢰도테스트를 실시하였다.
연구방법은 수집된 데이터를 빈도 테스트, 대응표본 T-검정, 일원배치 분산분석, 이원배치 분산분석, 카이 검정, 가변수(dummy variables)를 사용한 다중회귀분석을(Multi-regression Analysis) 사용 하였다.

본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
1. 7가지 유형의 여가 활동과 전체 은퇴생활 만족도에 대한 신뢰도 Cronbach's α 값이 모두 .6 이상이고 검증에 사용된 모든 문항들은 위에 나타난 Cronbach's α 값이 초과 되지 않았기 때문에 검증을 진행 시켰다. 대응표본 T-검정 결과에 의하면 레크리에이션 타입을 제외한 전체 6 가지 여가타입에서 일반적으로 은퇴 후 여가활동량의 증가를 보였다. 예술적 여가 활동을 제외한 6가지의 여가 타입에서 은퇴 전후로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

2. 5점 Likert 척도에서 7가지 각각의 평균점수와, 표준편차, 신뢰도 구간을 사용하여 감소, 지속, 증가의 순으로 여가 활동패턴을 나누었을 때 7가지 모든 여가 패턴에서 지속성이 가장 뚜렷한 패턴으로 나왔고 증가는 비연속성 중에서는 가장 높은 순으로, 그리고 마지막은 감소 순으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 Atchley 의 외적 지속이론에서 나온 결과와 동일했다.

3. 5가지 사회 경제변수를 통제 했을 때 그 3가지의 여가유형 패턴에 가장 많은 관련성 을 가지고 있는 변수는 장애였다. 이것은 Atchley 의 OLASS 프로젝트에서 여가를 포함한 모든 외적 활동에 주관적 건강상태와 장애수가 강한 변수로 작용한다는 결과와 또한 일치했다. 나타난 결과에 따르면 일반적으로 장애를 가지고 있지 않은 노인들은 은퇴 후 모든 여가 타입에서 강한 지속을 나타냈으며, 은퇴 후 장애를 가지게 된 노인들은 감소와 증가 같은 비 연속성의 유형을 강하게 나타냈다. 동거 유무의 변수는 지적 활동에서만 나타났는데 독거노인들은 동거 노인들보다 강한 지속성을 나타냈으며, 동거를 하고 있는 은퇴노인들은 독거노인들보다 훨씬 높은 감소나 증가 같은 비연속성의 유형을 나타났다. 직종의 경우는 비 노동 직종이 노동직 보다 좀 더 강한 지속성을 나타냈으며 노동직에서는 비 노동직보다 거의 두 배 이상의 감소와 증가율을 나타냈다. 은퇴전의 소득이 은퇴 후 취미 & 집안 활동 과 또한 관계가 있다고 나왔다. 취미 & 집안 활동 중 지속성은 월평균 1 백 50 십만 원 이하였던 그룹에서 가장 강하게 나타났으며 수입이 증가 할수록 점점 약하게 나타났다. 그리고 증가는 2백 50 십 만 원 이상의 그룹에서 가장 월등하게 나타났으며 감소보다 거의 5 배 이상의 빈번도 를 보였다.


4. 은퇴 후 레저 활동의 적응 패턴 요소(APORLA)와 전체 인생 만족도를 보면 일반적으로 은퇴 후 여가 활동량의 증가가 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나왔고 지속이 그 다음이었다. 반면 여가활동량의 감소는 만족도에 가장 적은 영향을 나타냈다.

5. 교육, 동거, 그리고 장애를 독립변수로 그리고 은퇴생활 만족도를 종속변수로 놓고 Independent T- 검정을 하였을 때 모두 유의미한 영향력이 있음이 검증이 되었다. 교육에서는 고졸이상의 그룹이 중졸이하보다 좀 더 높은 은퇴생활 만족도를 갖고 있으며, 동거 유무에서는 동거중인 은퇴 노인 들이 독거노인보다 더 높은 만족도를 갖고 있으며, 장애가 없는 은퇴노인들이 있는 노인보다 약간의 높은 만족도를 나타냈다. 수입과 직종의 변수들을 독립변수로 은퇴 생활 만족도를 종속변수로 놓고 분산분석을 (One-way ANOVA) 실시한 결과 수입, 직종 모두 생활 만족도에 유의미한 영향력이 있음이 검증이 되었다. 수입에서는 은퇴 전 가장 수입이 높은 은퇴 노인들이 가장 높은 은퇴생활 만족도를 갖고 있으며, 수입이 내려갈수록 적어졌다. 즉 은퇴전의 수입의 정도는 은퇴 후의 인생만족도에 영향을 끼친다는 것이며, 그렇다면 은퇴 전 수입의 정도는 은퇴 후 어느 정도의 수준까지 지속되지 않을까 하는 질문을 낳게 하는 부분이다. 직종은 비 노동, 노동 의 구분으론 인생 만족도에 무의미함을 나타냈다. 그러므로 춘천보고서에서 기재된 6 가지 유형의 직종으로 분리하여 다시 분석한 결과 경영진이 가장 높은 인생만족도의 영향을 보였으며, 농업 어업 상업 의 유형이 그다음으로 높았다. 교직이 3번째로 높은 만족도를, 그리고 생산직이 가장 낮게 나타났다.

6. 전체 인생 만족도에 유효한 영향을 미치는 9 가지 APORLA, 즉, 은퇴 후 여가 활동의 적응 패턴 요소들과 사회경제적 요소들 중 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 첫 네 가지 변수 중 셋은 여가 활동의 적응 패턴 요소들 이였다. 첫 번째가 야외 활동 이였고(B=-0.508), 두 번째로는 동거유무였다. 1=독거를 뜻하고, 독거 은퇴자일 때 두 번째로 가장 많이 은퇴생활 만족도에 부정적 영향을 끼치는 것을 알 수 있었다(B=-.516). 세 번째는 예술 활동 2(지속) 이다. 즉 예술 활동의 지속은 부정적 영향을 은퇴생활 만족도에 끼칠 수 있다는 것이다. 즉 모든 여가활동이 다 지속된다고 좋아진다는 것은 아니라는 것을 제시하는 중요한 단서가 될 수 있다 (B=-0.363). 네 번째로는 지적 여가 활동의 지속인데 은퇴생활 만족도에 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다 (B=.352). 은퇴 생활 만족도에 영향을 미치는 이세가지 APORLA 의 여가활동 중 2가지가 지속성이였다.

7. 위계적 군집분석과 K-평균 군집분석을 통한 분석결과에 따르면 노인들의 삶의 만족도는 두 가지 차원의 요인으로 구성되어 있으며 여가활동 중에서 건강유지와 도구적 여가활동은 사회적 만족도와 관계가 높은 반면, 유흥적 여가와 지적 여가활동은 경제적 만족도와 관계가 높음을 보여준다. 또한 TV시청에만 의존하는 獨居적 형태의 여가활동보다는 集團적 형태의 여가활동이 사회적 만족도와 관계가 높다. 따라서 여가활동은 두 가지의 차원으로 구분될 수 있다. 하나는 여가활동의 사회적 측면으로서 여가활동이 주로 독거적으로 이루어지는가, 아니면 집단 속에서 함께 이루어지는가를 의미하는 것이고, 다른 하나는 여가활동의 범위로서 노인들의 경제적 소득수준에 의해 여가활동의 범위가 제한됨을 의미한다. 이것은 집단적 형태로 여가활동의 범위가 넓을수록 사회적, 경제적 만족도가 높고, 독거적 형태로 여가활동의 범위가 제한될수록 사회적, 경제적 만족도는 낮음을 의미한다. 이 논문의 분석결과에 비추어 보면, 여가활동이 만족도에 미치는 효과는 여가활동이 갖는 사회적 연결망 수준과 경제적 비용에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 이론적으로 암시하고 있다. 이러한 분석결과가 갖는 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다. 노인들의 삶의 滿足度를 높이기 위해서는 여가활동에 대한 장려와 홍보같은 소극적 정책보다는 집단적 여가활동이 가능하도록 보다 체계적이고 적극적인 프로그램과 정책을 개발하고 제공하는 보다 적극적인 여가복지 정책이 필요하며, 경제적 소득능력으로 인해 여가활동의 범위가 제약된 취약 노인계층에게는 직간접적인 경제적 지원을 통해 여가활동에 대한 진입장벽을 낮춤으로써 여가의 범위를 확대시키는 복지정책이 필요함을 암시하고 있다.‘

8. 은퇴 생활 만족도를 종속변수로 두었을 때 사회 경제 요소들과 여가유형패턴(APORLA) 사이 존재하는 상호관계를 Two-way ANOVA 검정을 통해 나타낸 결과에 의하면 사회 경제 요소 중 가장 많은 상호 관계를 보인 것은 교육이었다. 교육은 네 가지 여가유형의 APORLA, 즉, 지적활동, 스포츠 & 건강 활동, 취미 & 집안, 그리고 단체사회 활동에서 각각 상호 관계를 맺고 있었다. 이결과가 시사하는 바는 크다. 즉 교육을 통하여 은퇴 생활 만족도와 직접적으로 연결되어있는 여가유형패턴의 전면적 변화를 가져올 수 있는 가능성을 제시 하고 있는 것이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. Introduction 1
• 1. Statement of the Problem 1
• 2. Background of the Problem 6
• 3. Purpose of Study 8
• II. Literature Review 12
• 1. Introduction 12
• 2. The Elderly and Leisure in Modern Society 14
• 1) Retirement as a Social Role 14
• 2) Leisure from Social Perspective 21
• 3) The Importance of Leisure in the Elderly's Lives 26
• 3. Theories of Aging 29
• 1) Functionalism and Rise of Disengagement Theory: From Leisure Perspective 31
• 2) Active Theory 33
• 3) The Rise of Continuity Theory: the Psycho-Social Theory in Social Gerontology 37
• (1) Continuity Theory in General 37
• (2) External Continuity 39
• 4. Life Satisfaction After Retirement 42
• 1) Definition of Life Satisfaction 42
• 2) Factors Influencing Life Satisfaction 45
• 5. Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses 49
• 1) APORLA(Adaptation Patterns of Retirement Leisure Activities), Socioeconomic Variables and Life Satisfaction 49
• 2) Study Diagram 53
• 3) Hypothesis54
• III. Research Method 56
• 1. Sampling 56
• 2. Measures of Independent Variables 58
• 1) APORLA 59
• 2) Socioeconomic Variables 71
• (1) Income Groups 71
• (2) Years of Education 72
• (3) Disability 73
• (4) Cohabitation Groups 74
• (5) Occupation Groups 74
• 3. Measurement of Dependent Variables 76
• 4. Analysis Method and Strategy 78
• IV. Research Findings 80
• 1. Social Demographic Characteristics 80
• 2. The Most Dominant Adaptation Pattern of Leisure Activities Following Retirement(Verification of Hypothesis 1) 84
• Adaptation Patterns of Leisure Activities Following Retirement 84
• 3. The Degree of Socioeconomic Impact on APORLA(Hypothesis 2) 86
• 4. Life Satisfaction by APORLA of Leisure Activities and Socioeconomic Factors(Hypothesis 3 and 4) 109
• 1) Life Satisfaction by Socioeconomic Factors 109
• 2) Life Satisfaction by APORLA of Leisure Activities 111
• 5. Life Satisfaction by APORLA of Leisure Activities and Socioeconomic Factors(Hypothesis 5) 114
• 6. Patterns of Leisure Activities and Life Satisfaction(Hypothesis 6) 120
• 1) Classification of Leisure Activities 120
• 2) Classification of Life Satisfaction After Retirement 128
• 3) Classification of Leisure and Life Satisfaction 132
• 7. Interaction Effects of APORLA and Socioeconomic Factors on Life Satisfaction(Hypothesis 7) 138
• V. Discussion167
• VI. References178
• Appendices
• 1) Questionnaires 198

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